from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Type, Union

from pydantic import BaseModel, create_model
from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
from starlette.exceptions import WebSocketException as StarletteWebSocketException
from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc


class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
    """
    An HTTP exception you can raise in your own code to show errors to the client.

### Creëer het

* Maak het bestand `main.py` aan met daarin:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

## Przykład

### Stwórz

* Utwórz plik o nazwie `main.py` z:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

~ export MINIO_IDENTITY_OPENID_CLAIM_NAME=name
~ export MINIO_IDENTITY_OPENID_CONFIG_URL=http://127.0.0.1:5556/dex/.well-known/openid-configuration
~ minio server ~/test
```

### Run the `web-identity.go`

```
~ go run web-identity.go -cid example-app -csec ZXhhbXBsZS1hcHAtc2VjcmV0 \
     -config-ep http://127.0.0.1:5556/dex/.well-known/openid-configuration \
     -cscopes groups,openid,email,profile
```

```

	rules := make(Rules)
	rules.Add(pattern, targetID)

	for _, eventName := range eventNames {
		for _, name := range eventName.Expand() {
			rulesMap[name] = rulesMap[name].Union(rules)
		}
	}
}

// Clone - returns copy of this rules map.
func (rulesMap RulesMap) Clone() RulesMap {
	rulesMapCopy := make(RulesMap)

	for eventName, rules := range rulesMap {

* `main.py` adlı fayl yaradaq və ona aşağıdakı kodu yerləşdirək:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

	ErrPastObjectLockRetainDate = errors.New("the retain until date must be in the future")
	// ErrUnknownWORMModeDirective - indicates that the retention mode is invalid
	ErrUnknownWORMModeDirective = errors.New("unknown WORM mode directive")
	// ErrObjectLockMissingContentMD5 - indicates missing Content-MD5 header for put object requests with locking

	case simdjson.TypeNull:
		return sql.FromNull(), nil
	case simdjson.TypeObject, simdjson.TypeArray:
		b, err := iter.MarshalJSON()
		return sql.FromBytes(b), err
	}
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("iterToValue: unknown JSON type: %s", iter.Type().String())
}

// Reset the record.
func (r *Record) Reset() {
	r.object = simdjson.Object{}
}

// Clone the record and if possible use the destination provided.

            for (final String line : lines) {
                if (StringUtil.isNotBlank(line)) {
                    final int pos = line.indexOf('=');
                    if (pos == 0) {
                        paramMap.put("unknown." + (unknownKey + 1), line.substring(pos + 1).trim());
                        unknownKey++;
                    } else if (pos > 0) {
                        final String key = line.substring(0, pos).trim();

/// check | "확인"

**FastAPI**는 `item_id`가 경로 매개변수이고 `q`는 경로 매개변수가 아닌 쿼리 매개변수라는 것을 알 정도로 충분히 똑똑합니다.

///

/// note | "참고"

FastAPI는 `q`가 `= None`이므로 선택적이라는 것을 인지합니다.

`Union[str, None]`에 있는 `Union`은 FastAPI(FastAPI는 `str` 부분만 사용합니다)가 사용하는게 아니지만, `Union[str, None]`은 편집기에게 코드에서 오류를 찾아낼 수 있게 도와줍니다.

///

## 쿼리 매개변수 형변환

`bool` 형으로 선언할 수도 있고, 아래처럼 변환됩니다:

```Python hl_lines="9"
{!../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial003.py!}