### `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm`

🥇, 🗄 `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm`, & ⚙️ ⚫️ 🔗 ⏮️ `Depends` *➡ 🛠️* `/token`:

//// tab | 🐍 3️⃣.6️⃣ & 🔛

```Python hl_lines="4  76"
{!> ../../docs_src/security/tutorial003.py!}
```

////

//// tab | 🐍 3️⃣.1️⃣0️⃣ & 🔛

```Python hl_lines="2  74"
{!> ../../docs_src/security/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```

////

`OAuth2PasswordRequestForm` 🎓 🔗 👈 📣 📨 💪 ⏮️:

```Python hl_lines="1  13"
{!../../docs_src/events/tutorial003.py!}
```

A **context manager** in Python is something that you can use in a `with` statement, for example, `open()` can be used as a context manager:

```Python
with open("file.txt") as file:
    file.read()
```

```

</div>


让我们看看每个选项的含义：

* `main:app`：这与 Uvicorn 使用的语法相同，`main` 表示名为"`main`"的 Python 模块，因此是文件 `main.py`。 `app` 是 **FastAPI** 应用程序的变量名称。
     * 你可以想象 `main:app` 相当于一个 Python `import` 语句，例如：

        ```Python
        from main import app
        ```

     * 因此，`main:app` 中的冒号相当于 `from main import app` 中的 Python `import` 部分。

* `--workers`：要使用的worker进程数量，每个进程将运行一个 Uvicorn worker进程，在本例中为 4 个worker进程。

    * ⚫️ 🔌 `username` & `password` 📨.

```Python hl_lines="2  6  10"
{!../../docs_src/security/tutorial006.py!}
```

🕐❔ 👆 🔄 📂 📛 🥇 🕰 (⚖️ 🖊 "🛠️" 🔼 🩺) 🖥 🔜 💭 👆 👆 🆔 & 🔐:

<img src="/img/tutorial/security/image12.png">

## ✅ 🆔

📥 🌅 🏁 🖼.

⚙️ 🔗 ✅ 🚥 🆔 &amp; 🔐 ☑.

🥇 ✍ 🆕 `APIRouter` 👈 🔜 🔌 1️⃣ ⚖️ 🌅 ⏲.

```Python hl_lines="3  25"
{!../../docs_src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
```

### ✍ ⏲ *➡ 🛠️*

✍ ⏲ *➡ 🛠️* ⚙️ 🎏 `APIRouter` 👆 ✍ 🔛.

⚫️ 🔜 👀 💖 😐 FastAPI *➡ 🛠️*:

* ⚫️ 🔜 🎲 ✔️ 📄 💪 ⚫️ 🔜 📨, ✅ `body: InvoiceEvent`.
*  & ⚫️ 💪 ✔️ 📄 📨 ⚫️ 🔜 📨, ✅ `response_model=InvoiceEventReceived`.

```Python hl_lines="16-18  21-22  28-32"

# Install pacman packages.
RUN C:\tools\msys64\usr\bin\bash.exe -lc \
  'pacman --noconfirm -Syy curl git patch vim unzip zip'

# Install Python as a general utility/tool.
ENV PYTHON_VERSION 3.12.3

RUN $url = ('https://www.python.org/ftp/python/{0}/python-{0}-amd64.exe' -f $env:PYTHON_VERSION); \
	Write-Host ('Downloading {0} ...' -f $url); \
	[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12; \

> Requests é um dos pacotes Python mais baixados de todos os tempos

O jeito de usar é muito simples. Por exemplo, para fazer uma requisição `GET`, você deveria escrever:

```Python
response = requests.get("http://example.com/some/url")
```

A contra-parte da aplicação FastAPI, *rota de operação*, poderia parecer como:

```Python hl_lines="1"
@app.get("/some/url")
def read_url():

### Импортируйте `HTTPException`

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial001.py!}
```

### Вызовите `HTTPException` в своем коде

`HTTPException` - это обычное исключение Python с дополнительными данными, актуальными для API.

Поскольку это исключение Python, то его не `возвращают`, а `вызывают`.

总之，ASGI 中间件是类，并把 ASGI 应用作为第一个参数。

因此，有些第三方 ASGI 中间件的文档推荐以如下方式使用中间件：

```Python
from unicorn import UnicornMiddleware

app = SomeASGIApp()

new_app = UnicornMiddleware(app, some_config="rainbow")
```

但 FastAPI（实际上是 Starlette）提供了一种更简单的方式，能让内部中间件在处理服务器错误的同时，还能让自定义异常处理器正常运作。

为此，要使用 `app.add_middleware()` （与 CORS 中的示例一样）。

```Python
from fastapi import FastAPI
from unicorn import UnicornMiddleware

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: "3.10"
      - name: Install build dependencies
        run: pip install build
      - name: Build source distribution
        env:
          TIANGOLO_BUILD_PACKAGE: ${{ matrix.package }}
        run: python -m build --sdist
      - name: Decompress source distribution
        run: |