from typing import Annotated, Literal

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class FilterParams(BaseModel):
    limit: int = Field(100, gt=0, le=100)
    offset: int = Field(0, ge=0)
    order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"] = "created_at"
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(filter_query: Annotated[FilterParams, Query()]):

package org.gradle.test;

import java.util.*;

public class JavaClassWithParameterizedTypes {
    Set<CombinedInterface> getSetProp() { return null; }

    Map<CombinedInterface, JavaClassWithParameterizedTypes> getMapProp() { return null; }

    List<?> getWildcardProp() { return null; }

    List<? extends CombinedInterface> getUpperBoundProp() { return null; }

    List<? super CombinedInterface> getLowerBoundProp() { return null; }

上記のスクリーンショットは<a href="https://code.visualstudio.com" class="external-link" target="_blank">Visual Studio Code</a>を撮ったものです。

しかし、<a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/" class="external-link" target="_blank">PyCharm</a>やほとんどのPythonエディタでも同様なエディターサポートを受けられます:

<img src="/img/tutorial/body/image05.png">

/// tip | 豆知識

令牌于一周后过期，届时，用户身份验证就会失败。只有再次登录，才能获得新的令牌。如果用户（或第三方）篡改令牌的过期时间，因为签名不匹配会导致身份验证失败。

如需深入了解 JWT 令牌，了解它的工作方式，请参阅 <a href="https://jwt.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://jwt.io</a>。

## 安装 `PyJWT`

安装 `PyJWT`，在 Python 中生成和校验 JWT 令牌：

<div class="termy">

```console
$ pip install pyjwt

---> 100%
```

</div>

/// info | 说明

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import org.lastaflute.web.validation.Required;

import jakarta.validation.constraints.Size;

/**
 * Form class for cache-related operations.
 * Contains parameters for document caching and error page display.
 */
public class CacheForm {

    /** Document ID for cache operations. */
    @Required
    @Size(max = 100)
    public String docId;

import okhttp3.Credentials
import okhttp3.OkHttpClient
import okhttp3.Request
import okhttp3.Response
import okhttp3.Route

class Authenticate {
  private val client =
    OkHttpClient
      .Builder()
      .authenticator(
        object : Authenticator {
          @Throws(IOException::class)
          override fun authenticate(
            route: Route?,
            response: Response,
          ): Request? {

Wenn Sie das ausführen und auf <a href="http://localhost:8000/v1/" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://localhost:8000/v1/</a> gehen, sehen Sie die <abbr title="Response – Antwort: Daten, die der Server zum anfragenden Client zurücksendet">Response</abbr> von Flask:

```txt
Hello, World from Flask!
```

import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;

/** Tests for a directed {@link StandardMutableGraph}. */
@AndroidIncompatible
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
@NullUnmarked
public final class StandardImmutableDirectedGraphTest extends AbstractStandardDirectedGraphTest {

  @Parameters(name = "allowsSelfLoops={0}")
  public static Collection<Object[]> parameters() {

/**
 * Abstract base class for tests that EventBus finds the correct subscribers.
 *
 * <p>The actual tests are distributed among the other classes in this package based on whether they
 * are annotated or abstract in the superclass.
 *
 * <p>This test must be outside the c.g.c.eventbus package to test correctly.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
abstract class AbstractEventBusTest<H> extends TestCase {

import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;

/** Tests for an undirected {@link StandardMutableGraph}. */
@AndroidIncompatible
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
@NullUnmarked
public final class StandardImmutableUndirectedGraphTest
    extends AbstractStandardUndirectedGraphTest {

  @Parameters(name = "allowsSelfLoops={0}")
  public static Collection<Object[]> parameters() {