Builder<String, Integer> builder =
        new Builder<String, Integer>()
            .put("one", 1)
            .put("one", 1); // throwing on this line would be even better

    IllegalArgumentException expected =
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> builder.build());
    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().contains("one");
  }

  public void testOf() {

   *
   * <p>If {@code expectedSize} is exactly the number of entries added to the builder before {@link
   * Builder#build} is called, the builder is likely to perform better than an unsized {@link
   * #builder()} would have.
   *
   * <p>It is not specified if any performance benefits apply if {@code expectedSize} is close to,
   * but not exactly, the number of entries added to the builder.

```Python hl_lines="1  4-6" title="app/dependencies.py"
{!> ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app/dependencies.py!}
```

////

/// tip

We are using an invented header to simplify this example.

But in real cases you will get better results using the integrated [Security utilities](security/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

///

## Another module with `APIRouter` { #another-module-with-apirouter }

  }

  /**
   * Not supported. Use {@link #naturalOrder}, which offers better type-safety, instead. This method
   * exists only to hide {@link ImmutableSet#builder} from consumers of {@code ImmutableSortedSet}.
   *
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always
   * @deprecated Use {@link ImmutableSortedSet#naturalOrder}, which offers better type-safety.
   */
  @DoNotCall("Use naturalOrder")
  @Deprecated

이를 통해 **여러 위치**에서 **모델을 재사용** 할 수 있고 모든 매개변수에 대한 유효성 검사 및 메타데이터를 한 번에 선언할 수도 있습니다. 😍

/// note | 참고

이 기능은 FastAPI 버전 `0.115.0` 이후부터 지원됩니다. 🤓

///

/// tip | 팁

동일한 기술이 `Query`, `Cookie`, 그리고 `Header`에 적용됩니다. 😎

///

## Pydantic 모델을 사용한 쿠키

**Pydantic 모델**에 필요한 **쿠키** 매개변수를 선언한 다음, 해당 매개변수를 `Cookie`로 선언합니다:

{* ../../docs_src/cookie_param_models/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[9:12,16] *}

Eğer tarayıcınızda şu bağlantıyı:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo-item
```

...`needy` parametresini eklemeden açarsanız şuna benzer bir hata ile karşılaşırsınız:

```JSON
{
  "detail": [
    {
      "type": "missing",
      "loc": [
        "query",
        "needy"
      ],
      "msg": "Field required",

            assertEquals(pathBytes.length, SMBUtil.readInt2(buffer, bodyOffset + 6)); // Path length
        }
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should correctly calculate path offset from header start")
    void testPathOffsetCalculation() throws Exception {
        // Given
        byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
        int headerStart = 64;

        // When

You can add code to be run with the `request`,  before any *path operation* receives it.

And also after the `response` is generated, before returning it.

For example, you could add a custom header `X-Process-Time` containing the time in seconds that it took to process the request and generate a response:

{* ../../docs_src/middleware/tutorial001.py hl[10,12:13] *}

/// tip

   *
   * <p>If {@code expectedSize} is exactly the number of elements added to the builder before {@link
   * Builder#build} is called, the builder is likely to perform better than an unsized {@link
   * #builder()} would have.
   *
   * <p>It is not specified if any performance benefits apply if {@code expectedSize} is close to,
   * but not exactly, the number of elements added to the builder.

      if (newArg == null || Objects.equals(args.get(i), newArg)) {
        if (params.get(i).getType().getRawType().isEnum()) {
          continue; // Nothing better we can do if it's single-value enum
        }
        throw new ParameterHasNoDistinctValueException(params.get(i));
      }
      newArgs.set(i, newArg);
      tester.addEqualityGroup(createInstance(factory, newArgs));