# Advanced Python Types { #advanced-python-types }

Here are some additional ideas that might be useful when working with Python types.

## Using `Union` or `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }

If your code for some reason can't use `|`, for example if it's not in a type annotation but in something like `response_model=`, instead of using the vertical bar (`|`) you can use `Union` from `typing`.

            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug("Interrupt {}", runningThread);
            }
            runningThread.interrupt();
            ThreadUtil.sleepQuietly(1000L);
            count++;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Stops the timeout target by setting the running flag to false.
     */
    public void stop() {
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {

        // Act: call renew
        CredentialsInternal renewed = impl.renew();

        // Assert: verify behavior based on scenario
        if (expectSame) {
            assertSame(impl, renewed, "renew() should return the same instance");
        } else if (expectNew) {
            assertNotNull(renewed, "renew() should return a new non-null instance");

        raise


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def get_item(item_id: str, username: Annotated[str, Depends(get_username)]):
    if item_id == "portal-gun":
        raise InternalError(
            f"The portal gun is too dangerous to be owned by {username}"
        )
    if item_id != "plumbus":
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=404, detail="Item not found, there's only a plumbus here"
        )

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Header, HTTPException


async def verify_token(x_token: Annotated[str, Header()]):
    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")


async def verify_key(x_key: Annotated[str, Header()]):
    if x_key != "fake-super-secret-key":
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Key header invalid")
    return x_key

} func (c *CBCEncrypter) CryptBlocks(dst, src []byte) { if len(src)%BlockSize != 0 { panic("crypto/cipher: input not full blocks") } if len(dst) < len(src) { panic("crypto/cipher: output smaller than input") } if alias.InexactOverlap(dst[:len(src)], src) { panic("crypto/cipher: invalid buffer overlap") } fips140.RecordApproved() if len(src) == 0 { return } cryptBlocksEnc(&c.b, &c.iv, dst, src) } func (x *CBCEncrypter) SetIV(iv []byte) { if len(iv) != len(x.iv) { panic("cipher: incorrect length IV")...

class DosErrorTest {

    // Helper that performs a lookup over the constants exposed by DosError.
    // Returns -1 if the DOS code is not mapped.
    private static int findNtStatusOrMinusOne(int dosCode) {
        for (int[] pair : DosError.DOS_ERROR_CODES) {
            // each pair is [dosCode, ntStatus]
            if (pair != null && pair.length == 2 && pair[0] == dosCode) {
                return pair[1];
            }
        }

      implements Cell<R, C, V> {
    // needed for serialization
    AbstractCell() {}

    @Override
    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
      if (obj == this) {
        return true;
      }
      if (obj instanceof Cell) {
        Cell<?, ?, ?> other = (Cell<?, ?, ?>) obj;
        return Objects.equals(getRowKey(), other.getRowKey())

   */
  private static void assertInterrupted() {
    try {
      /*
       * The sleep() will end immediately if we've already been interrupted or
       * wait patiently for the interrupt if not.
       */
      Thread.sleep(LONG_DELAY_MS);
      fail("Dude, where's my interrupt?");
    } catch (InterruptedException expected) {
    }
  }

                classNode.access |= ACC_PUBLIC;

                if (classFile.contains("$")) {
                    // java inexplicably has an inner class contain itself as an inner class...
                    makeInnerClassPublic(classNode, classNode.name.split("\\$")[1]);
                }
            });

            if (classFile.contains("$")) {
                // for inner classes, also need to adjust the parent