```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):

```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):

        assertFalse(emptyIterator.hasNext(), "Empty iterator should have no next element");

        // Note: Standard Iterator would throw NoSuchElementException, but this implementation returns null
        // This is a design choice for this specific implementation
        assertNull(emptyIterator.next(), "This implementation returns null instead of throwing");

        // Verify remove can be called (even though no-op)

そして、それを属性の型として使用することができます:

{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial004.py hl[20] *}

これは **FastAPI** が以下のようなボディを期待することを意味します:

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "The pretender",
    "price": 42.0,
    "tax": 3.2,
    "tags": ["rock", "metal", "bar"],
    "image": {
        "url": "http://example.com/baz.jpg",
        "name": "The Foo live"
    }
}
```

   *
   * {@snippet :
   * static final ImmutableBiMap<String, Integer> WORD_TO_INT =
   *     new ImmutableBiMap.Builder<String, Integer>()
   *         .put("one", 1)
   *         .put("two", 2)
   *         .put("three", 3)
   *         .buildOrThrow();
   * }
   *
   * <p>For <i>small</i> immutable bimaps, the {@code ImmutableBiMap.of()} methods are even more
   * convenient.
   *

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertTrue(exception instanceof java.io.Serializable);
    }

    public void test_stackTrace() {
        // Test that stack trace is preserved
        int statusCode = 500;
        String message = "Error occurred";

        WebApiException exception = new WebApiException(statusCode, message);

        assertNotNull(exception.getStackTrace());

#### Operation

ここでの「オペレーション」とは、HTTPの「メソッド」の1つを指します。

以下のようなものの1つ:

* `POST`
* `GET`
* `PUT`
* `DELETE`

...さらによりエキゾチックなもの:

* `OPTIONS`
* `HEAD`
* `PATCH`
* `TRACE`

HTTPプロトコルでは、これらの「メソッド」の1つ（または複数）を使用して各パスにアクセスできます。

---

APIを構築するときは、通常、これらの特定のHTTPメソッドを使用して特定のアクションを実行します。

通常は次を使用します:

* `POST`: データの作成
* `GET`: データの読み取り
* `PUT`: データの更新

    Iterator<String> iterator = asList("one", "two", "three", "four", "five").iterator();
    IllegalArgumentException expected =
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> getOnlyElement(iterator));
    assertThat(expected)
        .hasMessageThat()
        .isEqualTo("expected one element but was: <one, two, three, four, five>");
  }

import jcifs.internal.smb1.com.SmbComNTCreateAndXResponse;

/**
 * This class will allow a Java program to read and write data to Named
 * Pipes and Transact NamedPipes.
 *
 * <p>
 * There are three Win32 function calls provided by the Windows SDK
 * that are important in the context of using jCIFS. They are:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li><code>CallNamedPipe</code> A message-type pipe call that opens,

        String stackTrace = sw.toString();

        String fullMessage = message + "\n" + "Exception: "
                + e.getClass().getName() + "\n" + "Message: "
                + e.getMessage() + "\n" + "Stack trace:\n"
                + stackTrace;

        processingEnv.getMessager().printMessage(Diagnostic.Kind.ERROR, fullMessage);
    }