package com.google.common.io;

import com.google.caliper.BeforeExperiment;
import com.google.caliper.Benchmark;
import com.google.caliper.Param;
import com.google.caliper.api.VmOptions;
import com.google.common.base.Optional;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.Random;

/**

 * under the License.
 */
package org.apache.maven.api.services;

import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

import org.apache.maven.api.Artifact;
import org.apache.maven.api.ProducedArtifact;
import org.apache.maven.api.Project;
import org.apache.maven.api.ProjectScope;
import org.apache.maven.api.RemoteRepository;

Wenn Sie also Teil-Aktualisierungen empfangen wollen, die alle Attribute auslassen können, müssen Sie ein Modell haben, dessen Attribute alle als optional gekennzeichnet sind (mit Defaultwerten oder `None`).

            assertFalse(artifact.getArtifactId().equals("t07-d"));
            System.out.println("Artifact: " + artifact.getDependencyConflictId() + " " + artifact.getVersion()
                    + " Optional=" + (artifact.isOptional() ? "true" : "false"));
            assertTrue(
                    artifact.getVersion().equals("1.0"), "Incorrect version for " + artifact.getDependencyConflictId());
        }
    }

}

// Unique returns whether the index is unique or not.
func (idx Index) Unique() (unique bool, ok bool) {
	return idx.UniqueValue.Bool, idx.UniqueValue.Valid
}

// Option return the optional attribute of the index
func (idx Index) Option() string {
	return idx.OptionValue

Sprich:

```Python
q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None)
```

... macht den Parameter optional, mit dem Defaultwert `None`, genauso wie:

```Python
q: Union[str, None] = None
```

Und in Python 3.10 und darüber macht:

```Python
q: str | None = Query(default=None)
```

... den Parameter optional, mit dem Defaultwert `None`, genauso wie:

```Python
q: str | None = None
```

        private ActivationFrame nextFrame(String property) {
            return new ActivationFrame(property, Optional.empty());
        }

        private <P> ActivationFrame nextFrame(String property, Function<P, InputLocationTracker> child) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            final Optional<P> parent = (Optional<P>) stk.peek().parent;
            return new ActivationFrame(property, parent.map(child));
        }

    * `dict`의 키(key)는 `str`타입이다. (각 아이템의 이름(name))
    * `dict`의 값(value)는 `float`타입이다. (각 아이템의 가격(price))

#### `Optional`

`str`과 같이 타입을 선언할 때 `Optional`을 쓸 수도 있는데, "선택적(Optional)"이기때문에 `None`도 될 수 있습니다:

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
```

`Optional[str]`을 `str` 대신 쓰게 되면, 특정 값이 실제로는 `None`이 될 수도 있는데 항상 `str`이라고 가정하는 상황에서 에디터가 에러를 찾게 도와줄 수 있습니다.

#### Generic(제네릭) 타입

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import static com.google.common.graph.Graphs.checkNonNegative;

import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
import com.google.common.base.Optional;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;

/**
 * A builder for constructing instances of {@link MutableValueGraph} or {@link ImmutableValueGraph}
 * with user-defined properties.
 *

    for (TestEnum constant : TestEnum.values()) {
      Optional<TestEnum> result = Enums.getIfPresent(shadowTestEnum, constant.name());
      assertThat(result).isPresent();
      shadowConstants.add(result.get());
    }
    assertEquals(ImmutableSet.<Object>copyOf(shadowTestEnum.getEnumConstants()), shadowConstants);
    Optional<TestEnum> result = Enums.getIfPresent(shadowTestEnum, "blibby");