Collection<Integer> values = map.values();

    ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bytes);
    oos.writeObject(map);
    oos.flush();

    int mapSize = bytes.size();
    oos.writeObject(keySet);
    oos.writeObject(values);
    oos.close();

    int finalSize = bytes.size();

    assertThat(finalSize - mapSize).isLessThan(100);
  }

//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package json

import (
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"io"
	"runtime"
	"sync"

	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/s3select/jstream"
	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/s3select/sql"
)

// PReader - JSON record reader for S3Select.

//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package cmd

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/base64"
	"net/http"
	"testing"

	humanize "github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
	"github.com/minio/minio-go/v7/pkg/encrypt"
	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/crypto"

// if KMS is enabled, otherwise simply yields the json encoded bytes as is.
// Similarly, ObjectOptions value depends on KMS' status.
func (config *TierConfigMgr) configReader(ctx context.Context) (*PutObjReader, *ObjectOptions, error) {
	b, err := config.Bytes()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	payloadSize := int64(len(b))
	br := bytes.NewReader(b)

// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package testutil

import (
	"bytes"
	"regexp"
	"strings"
	"testing"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

	"istio.io/istio/pilot/test/util"
)

type TestCase struct {
	Args []string

	// Typically use one of the three

 * prefix are called a 'section'. There are 128 code points per section.
 *
 * Ranges Data (32,612 bytes)
 * ==========================
 *
 * Each entry is 4 bytes, and represents a _range_ of code points that all share a common 14-bit
 * prefix. Entries are sorted by their complete code points.
 *
 * The 4 bytes are named b0, b1, b2 and b3. We also define these supplemental values:
 *
 *  * **b2a**: b2 + 0x80

    }


    /**
     * Creates an {@link java.io.OutputStream} for writing bytes to a file
     * on an SMB server addressed by the <code>SmbFile</code> parameter. See
     * {@link jcifs.smb.SmbFile} for a detailed description and examples of
     * the smb URL syntax. If the second argument is <code>true</code>, then
     * bytes will be written to the end of the file rather than the beginning.
     * 
     * @param file

///

文件作为「表单数据」上传。

如果把*路径操作函数*参数的类型声明为 `bytes`，**FastAPI** 将以 `bytes` 形式读取和接收文件内容。

这种方式把文件的所有内容都存储在内存里，适用于小型文件。

不过，很多情况下，`UploadFile` 更好用。

## 含 `UploadFile` 的文件参数

定义文件参数时使用 `UploadFile`：

```Python hl_lines="12"
{!../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001.py!}
```

`UploadFile` 与 `bytes` 相比有更多优势：

* 使用 `spooled` 文件：
    * 存储在内存的文件超出最大上限时，FastAPI 会把文件存入磁盘；

    frame.writeByte(Http2.TYPE_HEADERS)
    frame.writeByte(FLAG_END_HEADERS or FLAG_END_STREAM)
    frame.writeInt(expectedStreamId and 0x7fffffff)
    frame.writeAll(headerBytes)

    // Check writer sends the same bytes.
    assertThat(sendHeaderFrames(true, sentHeaders)).isEqualTo(frame)
    reader.nextFrame(
      requireSettings = false,
      object : BaseTestHandler() {
        override fun headers(
          inFinished: Boolean,

        * In responses, the `set` will be converted to a `list`.
        * The generated schema will specify that the `set` values are unique (using JSON Schema's `uniqueItems`).
* `bytes`:
    * Standard Python `bytes`.
    * In requests and responses will be treated as `str`.
    * The generated schema will specify that it's a `str` with `binary` "format".
* `Decimal`:
    * Standard Python `Decimal`.