assert response.json() == {
        "item_id": 5,
        "item": {
            "name": "Foo",
            "description": None,
            "price": 35.4,
            "tax": None,
            "tags": [],
            "image": None,
        },
    }


def test_put_empty_body(client: TestClient):
    response = client.put(
        "/items/5",
        json={},
    )

}


app = FastAPI()


@app.get(
    "/items/{item_id}",
    response_model=Item,
    responses={**responses, 200: {"content": {"image/png": {}}}},
)
async def read_item(item_id: str, img: Union[bool, None] = None):
    if img:
        return FileResponse("image.png", media_type="image/png")
    else:

    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


class Hero(HeroBase, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    secret_name: str


class HeroPublic(HeroBase):
    id: int


class HeroCreate(HeroBase):
    secret_name: str


class HeroUpdate(HeroBase):
    name: str | None = None
    age: int | None = None
    secret_name: str | None = None

{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008b_py39.py!}
```

////

In both cases this means that `item` could be an `int` or a `str`.

#### Possibly `None` { #possibly-none }

You can declare that a value could have a type, like `str`, but that it could also be `None`.

In Python 3.6 and above (including Python 3.10) you can declare it by importing and using `Optional` from the `typing` module.

```Python hl_lines="1  4"

 *
 */
@Deprecated
public final class ArtifactStatus implements Comparable<ArtifactStatus> {
    /**
     * No trust - no information about status.
     */
    public static final ArtifactStatus NONE = new ArtifactStatus("none", 0);

    /**
     * No trust - information was generated with defaults.
     */
    public static final ArtifactStatus GENERATED = new ArtifactStatus("generated", 1);

    /**

            "price": 50.5,
            "description": None,
            "tax": None,
        },
        "user": {"username": "Dave", "full_name": None},
    }


def test_put_missing_body(client: TestClient):
    response = client.put("/items/5")
    assert response.status_code == 422
    assert response.json() == {
        "detail": [
            {
                "input": None,
                "loc": [

## 선택적 매개변수

같은 방법으로 기본값을 `None`으로 설정하여 선택적 매개변수를 선언할 수 있습니다:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial002.py hl[9] *}

이 경우 함수 매개변수 `q`는 선택적이며 기본값으로 `None` 값이 됩니다.

/// check | 확인

**FastAPI**는 `item_id`가 경로 매개변수이고 `q`는 경로 매개변수가 아닌 쿼리 매개변수라는 것을 알 정도로 충분히 똑똑합니다.

///

/// note | 참고

FastAPI는 `q`가 `= None`이므로 선택적이라는 것을 인지합니다.

class Item(BaseModel):
    name: Union[str, None] = None
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: Union[float, None] = None
    tax: float = 10.5
    tags: list[str] = []


items = {
    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
    "baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}

        raise ValueError('Invalid ID format, it must start with "isbn-" or "imdb-"')
    return id


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(
    id: Annotated[Union[str, None], AfterValidator(check_valid_id)] = None,
):
    if id:
        item = data.get(id)
    else:
        id, item = random.choice(list(data.items()))

        "detail": [
            {
                "type": "missing",
                "loc": ["header", "p_alias"],
                "msg": "Field required",
                "input": IsOneOf(None, IsPartialDict({"p": ["hello", "world"]})),
            }
        ]
    }


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    [
        "/required-list-alias",
        "/model-required-list-alias",