</div>

## 🖼

### ✍ ⚫️

* ✍ 📁 `main.py` ⏮️:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

## דוגמא

### צרו אותה

-   צרו קובץ בשם `main.py` עם:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

## Ví dụ

### Khởi tạo

* Tạo một tệp tin `main.py` như sau:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

</div>

## 示例

### 创建

* 创建一个 `main.py` 文件并写入以下内容:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

## উদাহরণ

### তৈরি

- `main.py` নামে একটি ফাইল তৈরি করুন:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

### Hozd létre

* Hozz létre a `main.py` fájlt a következő tartalommal:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

## Exemplo

### Crie

* Crie um arquivo `main.py` com:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">

from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing import Union

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}

```

由于我们必须用 `Query(default=None)` 替换默认值 `None`，`Query` 的第一个参数同样也是用于定义默认值。

所以：

```Python
q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None)
```

...使得参数可选，等同于：

```Python
q: str = None
```

但是 `Query` 显式地将其声明为查询参数。

然后，我们可以将更多的参数传递给 `Query`。在本例中，适用于字符串的 `max_length` 参数：

```Python
q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None, max_length=50)
```

将会校验数据，在数据无效时展示清晰的错误信息，并在 OpenAPI 模式的*路径操作*中记录该参​​数。

    this.selfLoopCount = checkNonNegative(selfLoopCount);
    checkState(selfLoopCount <= inEdgeMap.size() && selfLoopCount <= outEdgeMap.size());
  }

  @Override
  public Set<N> adjacentNodes() {
    return Sets.union(predecessors(), successors());
  }

  @Override
  public Set<E> incidentEdges() {
    return new AbstractSet<E>() {
      @Override
      public UnmodifiableIterator<E> iterator() {