## Recap

You can use Pydantic Settings to handle the settings or configurations for your application, with all the power of Pydantic models.

* By using a dependency you can simplify testing.
* You can use `.env` files with it.

      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the

// input DN, as LDAP equality is not a simple Golang string equality. However,
// we assume the value returned by the LDAP server is canonical. Additionally,
// the attribute type names in the DN are lower-cased.
//
// Return values:
//
// If the DN is found, the normalized (string) value and any requested
// attributes are returned and error is nil.
//

	sqlFnUTCNow      FuncName = "UTCNOW"

	// String
	sqlFnCharLength      FuncName = "CHAR_LENGTH"
	sqlFnCharacterLength FuncName = "CHARACTER_LENGTH"
	sqlFnLower           FuncName = "LOWER"
	sqlFnSubstring       FuncName = "SUBSTRING"
	sqlFnTrim            FuncName = "TRIM"
	sqlFnUpper           FuncName = "UPPER"
)

var (
	errUnimplementedCast = errors.New("This cast not yet implemented")

 *
 * <p><b>For users targeting Android API level 24 or higher:</b> This class will eventually
 * implement {@code BiPredicate<T, T>} (as it does in the main Guava artifact), but we currently
 * target a lower API level. In the meantime, if you have support for method references you can use
 * an equivalence as a bi-predicate like this: {@code myEquivalence::equivalent}.
 *
 * @author Bob Lee
 * @author Ben Yu

  /**
   * Applies a supplemental hash function to a given hash code, which defends against poor quality
   * hash functions. This is critical when the concurrent hash map uses power-of-two length hash
   * tables, that otherwise encounter collisions for hash codes that do not differ in lower or upper
   * bits.
   *
   * @param h hash code
   */
  static int rehash(int h) {
    // Spread bits to regularize both segment and index locations,

   * value} is greater than {@code max}, {@code max} is returned.
   *
   * @param value the {@code char} value to constrain
   * @param min the lower bound (inclusive) of the range to constrain {@code value} to
   * @param max the upper bound (inclusive) of the range to constrain {@code value} to
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code min > max}
   * @since 21.0

   *
   * <p><b>Java 8+ users:</b> use {@link Short#BYTES} instead.
   */
  public static final int BYTES = Short.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

  /**
   * The largest power of two that can be represented as a {@code short}.
   *
   * @since 10.0
   */
  public static final short MAX_POWER_OF_TWO = 1 << (Short.SIZE - 2);

  /**

   *
   * <p><b>Java 8+ users:</b> use {@link Short#BYTES} instead.
   */
  public static final int BYTES = Short.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

  /**
   * The largest power of two that can be represented as a {@code short}.
   *
   * @since 10.0
   */
  public static final short MAX_POWER_OF_TWO = 1 << (Short.SIZE - 2);

  /**

By declaring types for your variables, editors and tools can give you better support.

This is just a **quick tutorial / refresher** about Python type hints. It covers only the minimum necessary to use them with **FastAPI**... which is actually very little.

**FastAPI** is all based on these type hints, they give it many advantages and benefits.