// Arrange & Act
        SMBProtocolDowngradeException ex = new SMBProtocolDowngradeException();

        // Assert - message and cause are null
        assertNull(ex.getMessage(), "Default constructor should have null message");
        assertNull(ex.getCause(), "Default constructor should have null cause");

        // Assert - toString shows class name when message is null

        // When
        CIFSException exception = new CIFSException(message);

        // Then
        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertTrue(exception instanceof IOException);
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should create CIFSException with message and cause")
    void testCIFSExceptionWithCause() {
        // Given

        PACDecodingException e = assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> new Pac(emptyData, keys));
        // Any PACDecodingException is acceptable for this test
        assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    void testTooSmallPac() {
        // Test that PAC smaller than 8 bytes is rejected
        byte[] smallData = new byte[4];

            throw new XmlPullParserException(e.getMessage(), null, e);
        }
    }

    public Settings read(Reader reader) throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
        try {
            return new Settings(delegate.read(reader));
        } catch (XMLStreamException e) {
            throw new XmlPullParserException(e.getMessage(), null, e);
        }
    }

     * Test the default constructor.
     */
    @Test
    void testDefaultConstructor() {
        PACDecodingException e = new PACDecodingException();
        // Expect null message and null cause
        assertNull(e.getMessage());
        assertNull(e.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test the constructor with a message.
     */
    @Test
    void testMessageConstructor() {

        SMBSignatureValidationException ex = new SMBSignatureValidationException(msg);

        // Assert
        if (msg == null) {
            assertNull(ex.getMessage(), "Null message should remain null");
        } else {
            assertEquals(msg, ex.getMessage(), "Message should be stored as provided");
        }
        assertNull(ex.getCause(), "Cause should be null for message-only ctor");

                problems.add(Problem.Severity.WARNING, e.getMessage(), e.getLineNumber(), e.getColumnNumber(), e);
            }
        } catch (ToolchainsParseException e) {
            problems.add(
                    Problem.Severity.FATAL,
                    "Non-parseable toolchains " + toolchainsSource.getLocation() + ": " + e.getMessage(),
                    e.getLineNumber(),

    @Test
    void testNoArgsConstructor() {
        // Test the no-argument constructor
        ConnectionTimeoutException exception = new ConnectionTimeoutException();
        assertNull(exception.getMessage(), "Message should be null for no-arg constructor");
        assertNull(exception.getCause(), "Cause should be null for no-arg constructor");
    }

    @Test
    void testStringConstructor() {

    @Test
    void testNoArgsConstructor() {
        // Test the constructor with no arguments
        RequestTimeoutException exception = new RequestTimeoutException();
        assertNull(exception.getMessage(), "Message should be null for no-arg constructor");
        assertNull(exception.getCause(), "Cause should be null for no-arg constructor");
    }

    @Test
    void testMessageConstructor() {

        // Act + Assert: exception is propagated with message
        CIFSException ex = assertThrows(CIFSException.class, () -> handle.ensureDFSResolved());
        assertEquals("DFS resolution failed", ex.getMessage());
        verify(handle, times(1)).ensureDFSResolved();
    }

    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, -1, Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE })