# ----------------------------------------------------------
#                                                      Mail
#                                                     ------
# Does it send mock mail? (true: no send actually, logging only)
mail.send.mock = false

# SMTP server settings for main: host:port
mail.smtp.server.main.host.and.port = localhost:25

# The prefix of subject to show test environment or not

Import `SQLModel` and create a database model:

{* ../../docs_src/sql_databases/tutorial001_an_py310.py ln[1:11] hl[7:11] *}

The `Hero` class is very similar to a Pydantic model (in fact, underneath, it actually *is a Pydantic model*).

There are a few differences:

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from docs_src.path_operation_advanced_configuration.tutorial006_py39 import app

client = TestClient(app)


def test_post():
    response = client.post("/items/", content=b"this is actually not validated")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "size": 30,
        "content": {
            "name": "Maaaagic",
            "price": 42,

* Retrieve the stored data.
* Put that data in a Pydantic model.
* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `exclude_unset`).
    * This way you can update only the values actually set by the user, instead of overriding values already stored with default values in your model.
* Create a copy of the stored model, updating its attributes with the received partial updates (using the `update` parameter).

      E expected = expectedList.get(i);
      E actual = getList().get(i);
      if (expected != actual && (expected == null || !expected.equals(actual))) {
        fail("mismatch at index " + i + ": " + reportContext(expectedList));
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Used to delay string formatting until actually required, as it otherwise shows up in the test

    attributes:
      label: Expected Behavior
      description: What did you expect to happen?
    validations:
      required: true

  - type: textarea
    attributes:
      label: Actual Behavior
      description: What actually happened?
    validations:
      required: true

  - type: dropdown
    attributes:
      label: Packages

```

Using `Optional[str]` instead of just `str` will let the editor help you detect errors where you could be assuming that a value is always a `str`, when it could actually be `None` too.

`Optional[Something]` is actually a shortcut for `Union[Something, None]`, they are equivalent.

This also means that in Python 3.10, you can use `Something | None`:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="1"

# ----------------------------------------------------------
#                                                      Mail
#                                                     ------
# Does it send mock mail? (true: no send actually, logging only)
mail.send.mock = false

# SMTP server settings for main: host:port
mail.smtp.server.main.host.and.port = localhost:25

# The prefix of subject to show test environment or not

Now that we have all the security flow, let's make the application actually secure, using <abbr title="JSON Web Tokens">JWT</abbr> tokens and secure password hashing.

This code is something you can actually use in your application, save the password hashes in your database, etc.

We are going to start from where we left in the previous chapter and increment it.

        private SmbFile lastFile;
        private String lastPath;

        @Override
        public boolean accept(SmbFile file) throws SmbException {
            lastFile = file;
            // Actually interact with the file to verify the mock interaction
            if (file != null) {
                lastPath = file.getPath();
            }
            return true;
        }
    }

    @Nested