assertThrows(
            IllegalArgumentException.class,
            () -> GeneralRange.range(ORDERING, 4, lboundType, 2, uboundType));
      }
    }
  }

  public void testCreateEmptyRangeOpenOpenFails() {
    for (Integer i : IN_ORDER_VALUES) {
      assertThrows(
          IllegalArgumentException.class,
          () -> GeneralRange.<@Nullable Integer>range(ORDERING, i, OPEN, i, OPEN));
    }

/**
 * Unit tests for {@link FileBackedOutputStream}.
 *
 * <p>For a tiny bit more testing, see {@link FileBackedOutputStreamAndroidIncompatibleTest}.
 *
 * @author Chris Nokleberg
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class FileBackedOutputStreamTest extends IoTestCase {


  public void testThreshold() throws Exception {
    testThreshold(0, 100, true, false);
    testThreshold(10, 100, true, false);
    testThreshold(100, 100, true, false);

import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Tests for {@link ForwardingMultiset}.
 *
 * @author Hayward Chan
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class ForwardingMultisetTest extends TestCase {

  static final class StandardImplForwardingMultiset<T> extends ForwardingMultiset<T> {
    private final Multiset<T> backingCollection;

    StandardImplForwardingMultiset(Multiset<T> backingMultiset) {

 */
@AndroidIncompatible // TODO(b/230620681): Make this available (even though we won't run it).
@NullUnmarked
public class ByteSourceTester extends SourceSinkTester<ByteSource, byte[], ByteSourceFactory> {

  private static final ImmutableList<Method> testMethods = getTestMethods(ByteSourceTester.class);

  static TestSuite tests(String name, ByteSourceFactory factory, boolean testAsCharSource) {
    TestSuite suite = new TestSuite(name);

import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;
import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class WinErrorTest {

    // Helper to lookup a message by code using the production arrays
    private static Optional<String> lookupMessage(int code) {
        int[] codes = WinError.WINERR_CODES;

import static eu.maveniverse.domtrip.maven.MavenPomElements.Elements.PLUGIN;
import static eu.maveniverse.domtrip.maven.MavenPomElements.Elements.VERSION;

/**
 * Utility class for XML operations on Maven POM files.
 *
 * <p>This class provides convenience methods that delegate to:
 * <ul>
 * <li>{@link eu.maveniverse.domtrip.maven.PomEditor} - DomTrip's PomEditor</li>

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;

/**
 * <strong>NOTE:</strong> This class is not part of any public api and can be changed or deleted without prior notice.
 *
 * @since 3.0
 */
@Singleton
@Named
public class DefaultLifecyclePluginAnalyzer implements LifeCyclePluginAnalyzer {

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());

# 커스텀 Request 및 APIRoute 클래스 { #custom-request-and-apiroute-class }

일부 경우에는 `Request`와 `APIRoute` 클래스에서 사용되는 로직을 오버라이드하고 싶을 수 있습니다.

특히, 이는 middleware에 있는 로직의 좋은 대안이 될 수 있습니다.

예를 들어, 애플리케이션에서 처리되기 전에 요청 바디를 읽거나 조작하고 싶을 때가 그렇습니다.

/// danger | 위험

이 기능은 "고급" 기능입니다.

**FastAPI**를 이제 막 시작했다면 이 섹션은 건너뛰는 것이 좋습니다.

///

## 사용 사례 { #use-cases }

사용 사례에는 다음이 포함됩니다:

# Without aliases


@app.post("/required-str", operation_id="required_str")
async def read_required_str(p: Annotated[str, Form()]):
    return {"p": p}


class FormModelRequiredStr(BaseModel):
    p: str


@app.post("/model-required-str", operation_id="model_required_str")
async def read_model_required_str(p: Annotated[FormModelRequiredStr, Form()]):
    return {"p": p.p}

# Without aliases


@app.get("/optional-list-str")
async def read_optional_list_str(
    p: Annotated[list[str] | None, Query()] = None,
):
    return {"p": p}


class QueryModelOptionalListStr(BaseModel):
    p: list[str] | None = None


@app.get("/model-optional-list-str")
async def read_model_optional_list_str(
    p: Annotated[QueryModelOptionalListStr, Query()],
):