* connection the client has many options:
 *
 *  * **HTTP proxy:** a proxy server may be explicitly configured for the client. Otherwise, the
 *    [proxy selector][java.net.ProxySelector] is used. It may return multiple proxies to attempt.
 *  * **IP address:** whether connecting directly to an origin server or a proxy, opening a socket
 *    requires an IP address. The DNS server may return multiple IP addresses to attempt.
 *

	// IDs above that range are defined by third-party vendors.
	// Since ZIP lacked high precision timestamps (nor an official specification
	// of the timezone used for the date fields), many competing extra fields
	// have been invented. Pervasive use effectively makes them "official".
	//
	// See http://mdfs.net/Docs/Comp/Archiving/Zip/ExtraField
	zip64ExtraID       = 0x0001 // Zip64 extended information

    router_shutdown: bool = False
    sub_router_startup: bool = False
    sub_router_shutdown: bool = False


@pytest.fixture
def state() -> State:
    return State()


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
    r"ignore:\s*on_event is deprecated, use lifespan event handlers instead.*:DeprecationWarning"
)
def test_router_events(state: State) -> None:
    app = FastAPI()

    @app.get("/")

/*
 * Copyright 2012-2024 CodeLibs Project and the Others.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

This is just a **quick tutorial / refresher** about Python type hints. It covers only the minimum necessary to use them with **FastAPI**... which is actually very little.

**FastAPI** is all based on these type hints, they give it many advantages and benefits.

But even if you never use **FastAPI**, you would benefit from learning a bit about them.

/// note

  // Bulk Operations

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * <p><b>Warning:</b> the results of calling this method may vary depending on the iteration order
   * of {@code map}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an attempt to {@code put} any entry fails. Note that some
   *     map entries may have been added to the bimap before the exception was thrown.
   */
  @Override
  void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map);

    FastAPI will use the `response_model` parameter (that includes dataclasses) to convert the response.

You can combine `dataclasses` with other type annotations in many different combinations to form complex data structures.

Check the in-code annotation tips above to see more specific details.

## Learn More

/*
 * Copyright 2012-2024 CodeLibs Project and the Others.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

    Note that for OAuth2 the scope `items:read` is a single scope in an opaque string.
    You could have custom internal logic to separate it by colon characters (`:`) or
    similar, and get the two parts `items` and `read`. Many applications do that to
    group and organize permissions, you could do it as well in your application, just
    know that that it is application specific, it's not part of the specification.
    """

    def __init__(