// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
//

When you declare a default value for non-path parameters (for now, we have only seen query parameters), then it is not required.

If you don't want to add a specific value but just make it optional, set the default as `None`.

But when you want to make a query parameter required, you can just not declare any default value:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[6:7] *}

    assertThat(urlFormParameterEscaper()).isSameInstanceAs(e);
    assertBasicUrlEscaper(e);

    /*
     * Specified as safe by RFC 2396 but not by java.net.URLEncoder. These tests will start failing
     * when the escaper is made compliant with RFC 2396, but that's a good thing (just change them
     * to assertUnescaped).
     */
    assertEscaping(e, "%21", '!');
    assertEscaping(e, "%28", '(');

	// even if updating the value errors out.
	// Returns the last good value AND the error.
	ReturnLastGood bool

	// If NoWait is set, Get() will return the last good value,
	// if TTL has expired but 2x TTL has not yet passed,
	// but will fetch a new value in the background.
	NoWait bool
}

// Cache contains a synchronized value that is considered valid
// for a specific amount of time.

// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
//

 * entries may be counted in {@link Cache#size}, but will never be visible to read or write
 * operations.
 *
 * <p>Certain cache configurations will result in the accrual of periodic maintenance tasks which
 * will be performed during write operations, or during occasional read operations in the absence of
 * writes. The {@link Cache#cleanUp} method of the returned cache will also perform maintenance, but

   * Returns a fixed-size list backed by the specified array, similar to {@link
   * Arrays#asList(Object[])}. The list supports {@link List#set(int, Object)}, but any attempt to
   * set a value to {@code null} will result in a {@link NullPointerException}.
   *
   * <p>The returned list maintains the values, but not the identities, of {@code Double} objects
   * written to or read from it. For example, whether {@code list.get(0) == list.get(0)} is true for

"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

 * control. Under low update contention, the two classes have similar characteristics. But under
 * high contention, expected throughput of this class is significantly higher, at the expense of
 * higher space consumption.
 *
 * <p>This class extends {@link Number}, but does not define methods such as {@code

   * Attack the CA intermediates check by presenting unrelated chains to the handshake vs.
   * certificate pinner.
   *
   * This chain is valid but not pinned:
   *
   * ```
   *   attackerCa
   *    -> phonyVictim
   * ```
   *
   *
   * This chain is pinned but not valid:
   *
   * ```
   *   attackerCa
   *     -> pinnedRoot (trusted by CertificatePinner)