):
    return [item, sub_item]


@app.post("/with-duplicates")
async def with_duplicates(item: Item, item2: Item = Depends(duplicate_dependency)):
    return [item, item2]


@app.post("/no-duplicates")
async def no_duplicates(item: Item, item2: Item = Depends(dependency)):
    return [item, item2]


@app.post("/with-duplicates-sub")
async def no_duplicates_sub(

@app.get(
    "/a",
    status_code=204,
    response_class=JsonApiResponse,
    responses={500: {"description": "Error", "model": JsonApiError}},
)
async def a():
    pass


@app.get("/b", responses={204: {"description": "No Content"}})
async def b():
    pass  # pragma: no cover


client = TestClient(app)


def test_get_response():
    response = client.get("/a")

```

/// tip | "提示"

注意测试函数是普通的 `def`，不是 `async def`。

还有client的调用也是普通的调用，不是用 `await`。

这让你可以直接使用 `pytest` 而不会遇到麻烦。

///

/// note | "技术细节"

你也可以用 `from starlette.testclient import TestClient`。

**FastAPI** 提供了和 `starlette.testclient` 一样的 `fastapi.testclient`，只是为了方便开发者。但它直接来自Starlette。

///

/// tip | "提示"

* `close()`: Schließt die Datei.

Da alle diese Methoden `async`hron sind, müssen Sie sie `await`en („erwarten“).

Zum Beispiel können Sie innerhalb einer `async` *Pfadoperation-Funktion* den Inhalt wie folgt auslesen:

```Python
contents = await myfile.read()
```

    name: str
    owner: UserDB


class PetOut(BaseModel):
    name: str
    owner: UserBase


@app.post("/users/", response_model=UserBase)
async def create_user(user: UserCreate):
    return user


@app.get("/pets/{pet_id}", response_model=PetOut)
async def read_pet(pet_id: int):
    user = UserDB(
        email="******@****.***",
        hashed_password="secrethashed",
    )

@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_main(item_id: str, x_token: Annotated[str, Header()]):
    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
    if item_id not in fake_db:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
    return fake_db[item_id]


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)

<summary>Або використайте <code>async def</code>...</summary>

Якщо ваш код використовує `async` / `await`, скористайтеся `async def`:

```Python hl_lines="9  14"
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
async def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/hidden_cookie")
async def hidden_cookie(
    hidden_cookie: Optional[str] = Cookie(default=None, include_in_schema=False),
):
    return {"hidden_cookie": hidden_cookie}


@app.get("/hidden_header")
async def hidden_header(
    hidden_header: Optional[str] = Header(default=None, include_in_schema=False),
):

)

app = FastAPI()


async def set_up_request_state_dependency():
    request_state = {"user": "deadpond"}
    contextvar_token = legacy_request_state_context_var.set(request_state)
    yield request_state
    legacy_request_state_context_var.reset(contextvar_token)


@app.middleware("http")
async def custom_middleware(

@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_main(item_id: str, x_token: str = Header()):
    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
    if item_id not in fake_db:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
    return fake_db[item_id]


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
async def create_item(item: Item, x_token: str = Header()):