This can be very useful for setting up **resources** that you need to use for the whole app, and that are **shared** among requests, and/or that you need to **clean up** afterwards. For example, a database connection pool, or loading a shared machine learning model.

## Use Case { #use-case }

Let's start with an example **use case** and then see how to solve it with this.

</div>

This means that it will **always have a value**, it's just that sometimes the value could be `None` (or `null` in JSON).

That means that, clients using your API don't have to check if the value exists or not, they can **assume the field will always be there**, but just that in some cases it will have the default value of `None`.

   * That is, the first call to {@link #nextIndex()} will return {@code position}, and the first
   * call to {@link #next()} will return the element at that index, if available. Calls to {@link
   * #previous()} can retrieve the preceding {@code position} elements.
   *
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code position} is negative or is greater than {@code
   *     size}

////

/// tip

Every time you install a **new package** in that environment, **activate** the environment again.

This makes sure that if you use a **terminal (<abbr title="command line interface">CLI</abbr>) program** installed by that package, you use the one from your virtual environment and not any other that could be installed globally, probably with a different version than what you need.

///

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;

/**
 * An {@link OutputStream} that maintains a hash of the data written to it.
 *
 * @author Zoe Piepmeier
 * @since 16.0
 */
@Beta
public final class HashingOutputStream extends FilterOutputStream {
  private final Hasher hasher;

  /**
   * Creates an output stream that hashes using the given {@link HashFunction}, and forwards all

     * method as the server should have performed that filtering already. The
     * attributes are asserted here only because server file systems may not
     * support filtering by all attributes (e.g. even though ATTR_DIRECTORY was
     * specified the server may still return objects that are not directories).
     */
    @Override

        return true;
      }
      if (object instanceof BooleanArrayAsList) {
        BooleanArrayAsList that = (BooleanArrayAsList) object;
        int size = size();
        if (that.size() != size) {
          return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
          if (array[start + i] != that.array[that.start + i]) {
            return false;
          }
        }
        return true;
      }

        return true;
      }
      if (object instanceof BooleanArrayAsList) {
        BooleanArrayAsList that = (BooleanArrayAsList) object;
        int size = size();
        if (that.size() != size) {
          return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
          if (array[start + i] != that.array[that.start + i]) {
            return false;
          }
        }
        return true;
      }

     *
     * We need to apply the settings and ack them atomically. This is because some HTTP/2
     * implementations (nghttp2) forbid peers from taking advantage of settings before they have
     * acknowledged! In particular, we shouldn't send frames that assume a new `initialWindowSize`
     * until we send the frame that acknowledges this new size.
     *

          }
        });
    assertTrue(map.isEmpty());
  }

  // ----------------------------------------------------------------
  // Test that interrupts result in RuntimeException, not InterruptedException.
  // Trickier than it looks, because runFinalization swallows interrupts.
  // ----------------------------------------------------------------

  class Interruptenator extends Thread {