* @return empty OptionalThing indicating no login manager is used
     */
    @Override
    protected OptionalThing<LoginManager> myLoginManager() {
        return OptionalThing.empty();
    }

    /**
     * Pre-processes API requests by checking access authorization before executing the action.
     * If access is not allowed, returns an unauthorized error response.
     *

*  `prices` değişkeni `dict` tipindedir:
    *  `dict` değişkeninin `key` değeri  `str` tipindedir (herbir item'ın "name" değeri).
    *  `dict` değişkeninin `value` değeri `float` tipindedir (lherbir item'ın "price" değeri).

#### `Optional`

`Optional` bir değişkenin `str`gibi bir tipi olabileceğini ama isteğe bağlı olarak tipinin `None` olabileceğini belirtir:

```Python hl_lines="1  4"

prequalifyme.today
prerelease.replit.dev
press
press.aero
press.cy
press.ma
press.se
presse.km
presse.ml
preview.csb.app
pri.ee
prime
primetel.cloud
principe.st
priv.at
priv.hu
priv.instances.scw.cloud
priv.me
priv.no
priv.pl
privatizehealthinsurance.net
pro
pro.az
pro.br
pro.cy
pro.ec
pro.fj
pro.ht
pro.in
pro.mv
pro.om

### Aviso sobre a substituição

Isso significa que, se você quiser atualizar o item `bar` usando `PUT` com um corpo contendo:

```Python
{
    "name": "Barz",
    "price": 3,
    "description": None,
}
```

Como ele não inclui o atributo já armazenado `"tax": 20.2`, o modelo de entrada assumiria o valor padrão de `"tax": 10.5`.

E os dados seriam salvos com esse "novo" `tax` de `10.5`.

```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):

 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.base;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * A class that can supply objects of a single type; a pre-Java-8 version of {@link
 * java.util.function.Supplier java.util.function.Supplier}. Semantically, this could be a factory,
 * generator, builder, closure, or something else entirely. No guarantees are implied by this
 * interface.

   * are the "next" pointer (pointing to the next entry in the bucket chain), which will always be
   * less than or equal to the hashtable mask.
   *
   * <pre>
   * hash  = aaaaaaaa
   * mask  = 00000fff
   * next  = 00000bbb
   * entry = aaaaabbb
   * </pre>
   *
   * <p>The pointers in [size(), entries.length) are all "null" (UNSET).
   */
  private transient int @Nullable [] entries;

  /**

   */
  public List<Long> asList() {
    /*
     * Typically we cache this kind of thing, but much repeated use of this view is a performance
     * anti-pattern anyway. If we cache, then everyone pays a price in memory footprint even if
     * they never use this method.
     */
    return new AsList(this);
  }

  private static final class AsList extends AbstractList<Long>

   */
  public List<Integer> asList() {
    /*
     * Typically we cache this kind of thing, but much repeated use of this view is a performance
     * anti-pattern anyway. If we cache, then everyone pays a price in memory footprint even if
     * they never use this method.
     */
    return new AsList(this);
  }

  private static final class AsList extends AbstractList<Integer>

        final byte[] passwordBytes = Strings.getOEMBytes(password, tc.getConfig());
        int passwordLength = passwordBytes.length;

        // Only encrypt the first 14 bytes of the password for Pre 0.12 NT LM
        if (passwordLength > 14) {
            passwordLength = 14;
        }
        System.arraycopy(passwordBytes, 0, p14, 0, passwordLength);
        NtlmUtil.E(p14, NtlmUtil.S8, p21);