originalSystemProperties = (Properties) System.getProperties().clone();
        // Reset static state of the Handler class before each test for isolation
        resetHandlerState();
        handler = new Handler(mockCifsContext);
    }

    @AfterEach
    void tearDown() throws Exception {
        // Restore system properties and clean up static state
        System.setProperties(originalSystemProperties);
        resetHandlerState();

        Properties merged = new Properties();
        if (sourceDominant) {
            merged.putAll(target.getProperties());
            merged.putAll(source.getProperties());
        } else {
            merged.putAll(source.getProperties());
            merged.putAll(target.getProperties());
        }
        target.setProperties(merged);
        target.setLocation(
                "properties",
                InputLocation.merge(

                throw handleException(context, e);
            }
        } finally {
            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(oldCL);
            System.setProperties(oldProps);
        }
    }

    protected int doInvoke(C context) throws Exception {
        validate(context);
        pushCoreProperties(context);
        pushUserProperties(context);

        return getProperties().elements();
    }

    @Override
    public Set<java.util.Map.Entry<Object, Object>> entrySet() {
        return getProperties().entrySet();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object o) {
        return getProperties().equals(o);
    }

    @Override
    public Object get(final Object key) {
        return getProperties().get(key);
    }

        Activation defaultActivation = new Activation();

        defaultActivation.setActiveByDefault(true);

        defaultActivated.setActivation(defaultActivation);

        Properties props = System.getProperties();

        ProfileManager profileManager = new DefaultProfileManager(getContainer(), props);

        profileManager.addProfile(notActivated);
        profileManager.addProfile(defaultActivated);

        model.addProperty("key1", "value1");
        model.addProperty("key2", "value2");
        assertEquals(2, model.getProperties().size());

        // This should not throw NullPointerException
        model.getProperties().clear();
        assertEquals(0, model.getProperties().size());
    }

        public String getClassifier() {
            return type.getClassifier() == null ? "" : type.getClassifier();
        }

        @Override
        public Map<String, String> getProperties() {
            return type.getProperties();
        }
    }

        assertNotNull(result);
        assertNotNull(result.getEffectiveModel());
        assertEquals("activated-1", result.getEffectiveModel().getProperties().get("profile.file"));
        assertNull(result.getEffectiveModel().getProperties().get("profile.miss"));
    }

        assertEquals("true", depArtifact.getProperty("constitutesBuildPath", null));
        assertEquals("false", depArtifact.getProperty("includesDependencies", null));
        assertEquals(4, depArtifact.getProperties().size());

        assertEquals("compile", dep2.getScope());
        assertFalse(dep2.isOptional(), "Expected " + dep2 + ".isOptional() to return false");
        assertEquals(0, dep2.getExclusions().size());

     *
     * @param cmdList the command list to add properties to
     */
    protected void addFessConfigProperties(final List<String> cmdList) {
        System.getProperties()
                .keySet()
                .stream()
                .filter(k -> k != null && k.toString().startsWith(Constants.FESS_CONFIG_PREFIX))