}

	var user2 User
	DB.Preload("Company").Preload("Manager").Find(&user2, "id = ?", user.ID)
	CheckUser(t, user2, user)

	user.Company.Name += "new"
	user.Manager.Name += "new"
	if err := DB.Save(&user).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when update: %v", err)
	}

	var user3 User
	DB.Preload("Company").Preload("Manager").Find(&user3, "id = ?", user.ID)
	CheckUser(t, user2, user3)

		t.Fatalf("errors happened when update: %v", err)
	}

	var user2 User
	DB.Preload("Account").Find(&user2, "id = ?", user.ID)
	CheckUser(t, user2, user)

	user.Account.Number += "new"
	if err := DB.Save(&user).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when update: %v", err)
	}

	var user3 User
	DB.Preload("Account").Find(&user3, "id = ?", user.ID)

	CheckUser(t, user2, user3)

	result, err := db.Preload("Company", nil).Preload("Pets", nil).Where("name = ?", u.Name).First(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Preload failed: %v", err)
	}

	if result.Name != u.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name || len(result.Pets) != len(u.Pets) {
		t.Fatalf("Preload expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
	}

	results, err := db.Preload("Company", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {

	DB.Model(&blog).Association("Tags").Find(&tags)
	if !compareTags(tags, []string{"tag1", "tag2", "tag3"}) {
		t.Fatalf("Should find 3 tags")
	}

	var blog1 Blog
	DB.Preload("Tags").Find(&blog1)
	if !compareTags(blog1.Tags, []string{"tag1", "tag2", "tag3"}) {
		t.Fatalf("Preload many2many relations")
	}

	// Replace
	tag5 := &Tag{Locale: "ZH", Value: "tag5"}
	tag6 := &Tag{Locale: "ZH", Value: "tag6"}

	DB.Save(&hamster)

	hamster2 := Hamster{}
	DB.Preload("PreferredToy").Preload("OtherToy").Find(&hamster2, hamster.Id)

	if hamster2.PreferredToy.ID != hamster.PreferredToy.ID || hamster2.PreferredToy.Name != hamster.PreferredToy.Name {
		t.Errorf("Hamster's preferred toy failed to preload")
	}

	if hamster2.OtherToy.ID != hamster.OtherToy.ID || hamster2.OtherToy.Name != hamster.OtherToy.Name {

	if rows != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("expected 0 rows affected for association-only update, got %d", rows)
	}

	// Verify both associations were updated using real database queries
	var updatedUser User
	if err := DB.Preload("Pets").Preload("Toys").Where("id = ?", user.ID).First(&updatedUser).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to find updated user: %v", err)
	}

	if len(updatedUser.Pets) != 2 {

func TestAssociationError(t *testing.T) {
	user := *GetUser("TestAssociationError", Config{Pets: 2, Company: true, Account: true, Languages: 2})
	DB.Create(&user)

	var user1 User
	DB.Preload("Company").Preload("Pets").Preload("Account").Preload("Languages").First(&user1)

	var emptyUser User
	var err error
	// belongs to
	err = DB.Model(&emptyUser).Association("Company").Delete(&user1.Company)

	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)

	var findUser1 User
	err = DB.Preload("Languages").Where("id = ?", user1.ID).First(&findUser1).Error
	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
	AssertEqual(t, user1, findUser1)

	var findUser2 User
	err = DB.Preload("Languages").Where("id = ?", user2.ID).First(&findUser2).Error
	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
	AssertEqual(t, user2, findUser2)
}

	// ErrInvalidValueOfLength invalid values do not match length
	ErrInvalidValueOfLength = errors.New("invalid association values, length doesn't match")
	// ErrPreloadNotAllowed preload is not allowed when count is used
	ErrPreloadNotAllowed = errors.New("preload is not allowed when count is used")
	// ErrDuplicatedKey occurs when there is a unique key constraint violation
	ErrDuplicatedKey = errors.New("duplicated key not allowed")

		Preload("Toys", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
			return db.Table("toys").Select("name")
		}).Count(&count12).Error; err == nil {
		t.Errorf("error should raise when using preload without schema")
	}

	var count13 int64
	if err := DB.Model(User{}).
		Where("name in ?", []string{user1.Name, user2.Name, user3.Name}).
		Preload("Toys", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {