* includes both natural exceptions such as unreachable servers, as well as synthetic exceptions
 * when responses are of an unexpected type or cannot be decoded.
 *
 * Other exception types cancel the current call:
 *
 *  * For synchronous calls made with [Call.execute], the exception is propagated to the caller.
 *

    bytesIn.writeByte(0x40) // Literal indexed
    bytesIn.writeByte(0x88) // Literal name Huffman encoded 8 bytes
    // decodes to custom-key which is length 10
    bytesIn.write("25a849e95ba97d7f".decodeHex())
    bytesIn.writeByte(0x89) // Literal value Huffman encoded 9 bytes
    // decodes to custom-value which is length 12
    bytesIn.write("25a849e95bb8e8b4bf".decodeHex())
  }

   *
   * Otherwise if the response has a `Content-Type` header that specifies a charset, that is used
   * to determine the charset of the response bytes.
   *
   * Otherwise the response bytes are decoded as UTF-8.
   */
  fun charStream(): Reader =
    reader ?: BomAwareReader(source(), charset()).also {
      reader = it
    }

  /**
   * Returns the response as a string.
   *

            }
        }
        return u;
    }

    /**
     * Decodes a URL as a name using appropriate character encoding.
     * Handles encoding detection from parent URLs and configuration settings.
     *
     * @param url the URL to decode
     * @param escapePlus whether to escape plus signs before decoding
     * @return the decoded URL name, or original URL if decoding fails
     */

     * Extracts and parses parameters from the request query string.
     * Applies the specified character encoding to decode parameter values.
     *
     * @param request the HTTP request containing the query string
     * @param enc the character encoding to use for decoding
     * @return a map of parameter names to their decoded values
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs during parameter parsing
     */

        return permission;
    }

    /**
     * Decodes a search role format string back to a permission string.
     * Reverses the encoding process to restore original permission format.
     *
     * @param value the encoded permission string to decode
     * @return the decoded permission string, or null if the input is blank or invalid
     */
    public String decode(final String value) {
        if (StringUtil.isBlank(value)) {

     * @return The decoded string.
     */
    public static String decode(final String s, final String enc) {
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("s", s);
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("enc", enc);

        try {
            return URLDecoder.decode(s, enc);
        } catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            throw new IORuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

            encode1pad(inData, num * 3, outData, num * 4);
        }
        return new String(outData);
    }

    /**
     * Decodes data encoded in Base64.
     *
     * @param inData
     *            The data to decode
     * @return The decoded data
     */
    public static byte[] decode(final String inData) {
        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(inData)) {
            return null;
        }

  }

  private fun testToUrl(
    codePoint: Int,
    encoding: UrlComponentEncodingTester.Encoding,
    component: Component,
  ) {
    val encoded = encoding.encode(codePoint)
    val httpUrl = component.urlString(encoded).toHttpUrl()
    val javaNetUrl = httpUrl.toUrl()
    if (javaNetUrl.toString() != javaNetUrl.toString()) {
      fail("Encoding $component $codePoint using $encoding")
    }
  }

    }

    /**
     * Decodes a Base64 string to bytes.
     *
     * @param base64String the Base64 string to decode
     * @return the decoded bytes, or null if input is null
     */
    protected byte[] decodeBase64(String base64String) {
        if (base64String == null) {
            return null;
        }
        try {
            return BASE64_DECODER.decode(base64String);