To do that, you can declare that `None` is a valid type but simply do not declare a default value:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006c_an_py310.py hl[9] *}

## Query parameter list / multiple values { #query-parameter-list-multiple-values }

When you define a query parameter explicitly with `Query` you can also declare it to receive a list of values, or said in another way, to receive multiple values.

# Lifespan Events { #lifespan-events }

You can define logic (code) that should be executed before the application **starts up**. This means that this code will be executed **once**, **before** the application **starts receiving requests**.

The same way, you can define logic (code) that should be executed when the application is **shutting down**. In this case, this code will be executed **once**, **after** having handled possibly **many requests**.

	if len(p) > sr.max {
		p = p[0:sr.max]
	}
	return sr.buf.Read(p)
}

// genLine writes to buf a predictable but non-trivial line of text of length
// n, including the terminal newline and an occasional carriage return.
// If addNewline is false, the \r and \n are not emitted.
func genLine(buf *bytes.Buffer, lineNum, n int, addNewline bool) {
	buf.Reset()
	doCR := lineNum%5 == 0
	if doCR {
		n--

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial004.py hl[2] *}

## Declaring types { #declaring-types }

You just saw the main place to declare type hints. As function parameters.

This is also the main place you would use them with **FastAPI**.

### Simple types { #simple-types }

You can declare all the standard Python types, not only `str`.

You can use, for example:

* `int`
* `float`
* `bool`
* `bytes`

# `Request` class

You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency to be of type `Request` and then you can access the raw request object directly, without any validation, etc.

You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import Request
```

/// tip

# Parâmetros de Cookie

Você pode definir parâmetros de Cookie da mesma maneira que define paramêtros com `Query` e `Path`.

## Importe `Cookie`

Primeiro importe `Cookie`:

{* ../../docs_src/cookie_params/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[3] *}

## Declare parâmetros de `Cookie`

Então declare os paramêtros de cookie usando a mesma estrutura que em `Path` e `Query`.

				acceptArg = false
			default:
				in.Error("bad definition for macro:", name)
			}
		}
	}
	var tokens []Token
	// Scan to newline. Backslashes escape newlines.
	for tok != '\n' {
		if tok == scanner.EOF {
			in.Error("missing newline in definition for macro:", name)
		}
		if tok == '\\' {
			tok = in.Stack.Next()
			if tok != '\n' && tok != '\\' {

# WebSockets

When defining WebSockets, you normally declare a parameter of type `WebSocket` and with it you can read data from the client and send data to it.

It is provided directly by Starlette, but you can import it from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import WebSocket
```

/// tip

# Parâmetros de Cabeçalho

Você pode definir parâmetros de Cabeçalho da mesma maneira que define paramêtros com `Query`, `Path` e `Cookie`.

## importe `Header`

Primeiro importe `Header`:

{* ../../docs_src/header_params/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1] *}

## Declare parâmetros de `Header`

Então declare os paramêtros de cabeçalho usando a mesma estrutura que em `Path`, `Query` e `Cookie`.

* response data injection systems
* etc.

## Simple and Powerful { #simple-and-powerful }

Although the hierarchical dependency injection system is very simple to define and use, it's still very powerful.

You can define dependencies that in turn can define dependencies themselves.