}

    public void test_toString() {
        // Test toString method
        String message = "Dictionary parse error";
        Exception cause = new NullPointerException("NPE occurred");
        DictionaryException exception = new DictionaryException(message, cause);

        String toStringResult = exception.toString();
        assertNotNull(toStringResult);

        // Test throwing and catching the exception with cause
        String expectedMessage = "Job execution failed with error";
        Throwable expectedCause = new NullPointerException("NPE occurred");
        boolean exceptionCaught = false;

        try {
            throw new ScheduledJobException(expectedMessage, expectedCause);
        } catch (ScheduledJobException e) {

        assertTrue(exception1.getCause() instanceof java.io.IOException);

        StorageException exception2 = new StorageException("NPE", new NullPointerException("Null reference"));
        assertTrue(exception2.getCause() instanceof NullPointerException);

      future.get();
      fail("Expected ExecutionException");
    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
      assertThat(e).hasCauseThat().isSameInstanceAs(expectedCause);
    }
  }

  /** invokeAny(null) throws NPE */
  public void testInvokeAnyImpl_nullTasks() throws Exception {
    ListeningExecutorService e = newDirectExecutorService();
    try {
      invokeAnyImpl(e, null, false, 0, NANOSECONDS);
      fail();

    }

    public void test_getMessage_withComplexCause() {
        // Test getMessage behavior with complex cause structure
        final Exception innerCause = new NullPointerException("NPE occurred");
        final Exception outerCause = new IllegalStateException("State error", innerCause);
        final JobProcessingException exception = new JobProcessingException(outerCause);

        assertEquals(testWindowSize, queryRescorerBuilder.windowSize().intValue());
    }

    public void test_evaluate_withNullParams() {
        // Test with null parameters - should throw NPE due to OpenSearch StoredLtrQueryBuilder requirements
        final String testModelName = "test_model";
        final int testWindowSize = 75;

        ComponentUtil.setFessConfig(new FessConfig.SimpleImpl() {

    }

    public void test_stackTrace() {
        // Test that stack trace is properly preserved
        String message = "GSA error with stack trace";
        Throwable cause = new NullPointerException("NPE occurred");
        GsaConfigException exception = new GsaConfigException(message, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception.getStackTrace());
        assertTrue(exception.getStackTrace().length > 0);

        // Test with different types of causes
        DataStoreException withIOException = new DataStoreException("IO Error", new java.io.IOException("File not found"));
        DataStoreException withNPE = new DataStoreException("NPE Error", new NullPointerException("Null value"));
        DataStoreException withCustom = new DataStoreException("Custom Error", new FessSystemException("System error"));

            fail("Expected NullPointerException");
        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
            // Expected
        }

        // equals with null input may return false instead of throwing NPE
        assertFalse(item3.equals(item1));
    }

    public void test_toString() {
        // Test toString method
        ProtwordsItem item = new ProtwordsItem(123, "testword");

     * package-private, I feel OK with just not testing them for NPE.
     *
     * Note that testing casValue is particularly dangerous because it uses Unsafe under some
     * versions of Java, and apparently Unsafe can cause SIGSEGV instead of NPE—almost as if it's
     * not safe.
     */
    concat(
            stream(AbstractFuture.class.getDeclaredMethods()),