### Other utility functions { #other-utility-functions }

Any other utility function that you call directly can be created with normal `def` or `async def` and FastAPI won't affect the way you call it.

This is in contrast to the functions that FastAPI calls for you: *path operation functions* and dependencies.

/**
 * Legacy version of {@link java.util.function.Function java.util.function.Function}.
 *
 * <p>The {@link Functions} class provides common functions and related utilities.
 *
 * <p>As this interface extends {@code java.util.function.Function}, an instance of this type can be
 * used as a {@code java.util.function.Function} directly. To use a {@code
 * java.util.function.Function} in a context where a {@code com.google.common.base.Function} is

            ArrayListMultimap.<String, Integer>create(), Functions.<Integer>identity())
        .asMap();
  }

  @Override
  protected Map<String, Collection<Integer>> makePopulatedMap() {
    ListMultimap<String, Integer> delegate = ArrayListMultimap.create();
    populate(delegate);
    return Multimaps.transformValues(delegate, Functions.<Integer>identity()).asMap();
  }

            ArrayListMultimap.<String, Integer>create(), Functions.<Integer>identity())
        .asMap();
  }

  @Override
  protected Map<String, Collection<Integer>> makePopulatedMap() {
    ListMultimap<String, Integer> delegate = ArrayListMultimap.create();
    populate(delegate);
    return Multimaps.transformValues(delegate, Functions.<Integer>identity()).asMap();
  }

///

/// tip

If you want to call `async` functions in your tests apart from sending requests to your FastAPI application (e.g. asynchronous database functions), have a look at the [Async Tests](../advanced/async-tests.md) in the advanced tutorial.

///

## Separating tests { #separating-tests }

## ty

If ty is available, use it to check types.

## Asyncer

When needing to run blocking code inside of async functions, or async code inside of blocking functions, suggest using Asyncer.

Prefer it over AnyIO or asyncio.

Install:

```bash
uv add asyncer
```

Run blocking sync code inside of async with `asyncify()`:

```python

 * java.util.function.Function java.util.function.Function}.
 *
 * <p>The {@link Functions} class provides common functions and related utilities.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a
 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/FunctionalExplained">the use of {@code Function}</a>.
 *
 * <h3>For Java 8+ users</h3>
 *

 *       to <i>some</i> degree to make this unlikely. (Without this condition, a function that
 *       always returns zero could be called a hash function. It is not.)
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>Summarizing the last two points: "equal yield equal <i>always</i>; unequal yield unequal
 * <i>often</i>." This is the most important characteristic of all hash functions.
 *
 * <h3>Desirable properties</h3>
 *

    Map<String, String> map =
        transformValues(ImmutableMap.<String, Integer>of(), Functions.toStringFunction());
    assertMapsEqual(new HashMap<>(), map);
  }

  public void testTransformSingletonMapEquality() {
    Map<String, String> map =
        transformValues(ImmutableMap.of("a", 1), Functions.toStringFunction());
    Map<String, String> expected = ImmutableMap.of("a", "1");
    assertMapsEqual(expected, map);

    Function<? super Integer, Boolean> h = Functions.constant(Boolean.TRUE);
    Function<? super String, Integer> g = new HashCodeFunction();
    Function<Float, String> f = Functions.forMap(m, "F");

    Function<Float, Boolean> c1 = Functions.compose(Functions.compose(h, g), f);
    Function<Float, Boolean> c2 = Functions.compose(h, Functions.compose(g, f));