* most key spaces are ANYTHING BUT uniformly distributed. A bit(i) in the input is said to
   * 'affect' a bit(j) in the output if two inputs, identical but for bit(i), will differ at output
   * bit(j) about half the time
   *
   * <p>Funneling is pretty simple to detect. The key idea is to find example keys which
   * unequivocally demonstrate that funneling cannot be occurring. This is done bit-by-bit. For each

![Erasure](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/screenshots/erasure-code.jpg?raw=true)

## What is Bit Rot protection?

Bit Rot, also known as data rot or silent data corruption is a data loss issue faced by disk drives today. Data on the drive may silently get corrupted without signaling an error has occurred, making bit rot more dangerous than a permanent hard drive failure.

    signifFloor &= SIGNIFICAND_MASK; // remove the implied bit

    /*
     * We round up if either the fractional part of signif is strictly greater than 0.5 (which is
     * true if the 0.5 bit is set and any lower bit is set), or if the fractional part of signif is
     * >= 0.5 and signifFloor is odd (which is true if both the 0.5 bit and the 1 bit are set).
     */
    boolean increment =

not <code>3&amp;(1&lt;&lt;2)</code>.
Also, constants are always evaluated as 64-bit unsigned integers.
Thus <code>-2</code> is not the integer value minus two,
but the unsigned 64-bit integer with the same bit pattern.
The distinction rarely matters but
to avoid ambiguity, division or right shift where the right operand's
high bit is set is rejected.
</p>

<h3 id="symbols">Symbols</h3>

<p>

    }

    /**
     * Reads a 16-bit short value with proper alignment and byte order.
     * @return the short value in little-endian format
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public short readShort() throws IOException {
        align(2);
        return Short.reverseBytes(this.dis.readShort());
    }

    /**
     * Reads a 32-bit integer value with proper alignment and byte order.

  // The number of compression rounds.
  private final int c;
  // The number of finalization rounds.
  private final int d;
  // Two 64-bit keys (represent a single 128-bit key).
  private final long k0;
  private final long k1;

  /**
   * @param c the number of compression rounds (must be positive)
   * @param d the number of finalization rounds (must be positive)

    signifFloor &= SIGNIFICAND_MASK; // remove the implied bit

    /*
     * We round up if either the fractional part of signif is strictly greater than 0.5 (which is
     * true if the 0.5 bit is set and any lower bit is set), or if the fractional part of signif is
     * >= 0.5 and signifFloor is odd (which is true if both the 0.5 bit and the 1 bit are set).
     */
    boolean increment =

        @DisplayName("Should validate constant bit positions")
        void shouldHaveCorrectBitPositions() {
            // Verify specific bit positions as documented in comments
            assertEquals(0, Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(ACE.FILE_READ_DATA), "FILE_READ_DATA should be at bit position 0");
            assertEquals(1, Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(ACE.FILE_WRITE_DATA), "FILE_WRITE_DATA should be at bit position 1");

 * bits.
 *
 * We split each code point into a 14-bit prefix and a 7-bit suffix. All code points with the same
 * prefix are called a 'section'. There are 128 code points per section.
 *
 * Ranges Data (32,612 bytes)
 * ==========================
 *
 * Each entry is 4 bytes, and represents a _range_ of code points that all share a common 14-bit
 * prefix. Entries are sorted by their complete code points.
 *

   */
  @Deprecated public static final Charset ISO_8859_1 = StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1;

  /**
   * UTF-8: eight-bit UCS Transformation Format.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@link StandardCharsets#UTF_8} instead.
   */
  @Deprecated public static final Charset UTF_8 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;

  /**
   * UTF-16BE: sixteen-bit UCS Transformation Format, big-endian byte order.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@link StandardCharsets#UTF_16BE} instead.