* Data validation
* Automatic documentation

## Defaults { #defaults }

As query parameters are not a fixed part of a path, they can be optional and can have default values.

In the example above they have default values of `skip=0` and `limit=10`.

So, going to the URL:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/
```

would be the same as going to:

makes HTTP and HTTPS calls. It lets you specify which responses to return and
then verify that requests were made as expected.

Because it exercises your full HTTP stack, you can be confident that you're
testing everything. You can even copy & paste HTTP responses from your real web
server to create representative test cases. Or test that your code survives in
awkward-to-reproduce situations like 500 errors or slow-loading responses.

# Custom Response Classes - File, HTML, Redirect, Streaming, etc.

There are several custom response classes you can use to create an instance and return them directly from your *path operations*.

Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).

You can import them directly from `fastapi.responses`:

```python
from fastapi.responses import (
    FileResponse,

The `directory="static"` refers to the name of the directory that contains your static files.

The `name="static"` gives it a name that can be used internally by **FastAPI**.

All these parameters can be different than "`static`", adjust them with the needs and specific details of your own application.

## More info { #more-info }

## Check the Docs { #check-the-docs }

You can see the required headers in the docs UI at `/docs`:

<div class="screenshot">
<img src="/img/tutorial/header-param-models/image01.png">
</div>

## Forbid Extra Headers { #forbid-extra-headers }

In some special use cases (probably not very common), you might want to **restrict** the headers that you want to receive.

{{- end }}
{{- if eq .Values.service.type "LoadBalancer" }}
MinIO can be accessed via port {{ .Values.service.port }} on an external IP address. Get the service external IP address by:
kubectl get svc --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} -l app={{ template "minio.fullname" . }}

Note that the public IP may take a couple of minutes to be available.

The `TestClient` is based on <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a>, and luckily, we can use it directly to test the API.

## Example { #example }

# Form Models { #form-models }

You can use **Pydantic models** to declare **form fields** in FastAPI.

/// info

To use forms, first install <a href="https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart" class="external-link" target="_blank">`python-multipart`</a>.

Make sure you create a [virtual environment](../virtual-environments.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, activate it, and then install it, for example:

```console
$ pip install python-multipart
```

# Response Cookies { #response-cookies }

## Use a `Response` parameter { #use-a-response-parameter }

You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function*.

And then you can set cookies in that *temporal* response object.

{* ../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1, 8:9] *}

And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).

## Documenting webhooks with **FastAPI** and OpenAPI { #documenting-webhooks-with-fastapi-and-openapi }

With **FastAPI**, using OpenAPI, you can define the names of these webhooks, the types of HTTP operations that your app can send (e.g. `POST`, `PUT`, etc.) and the request **bodies** that your app would send.