)

    # ---------------------
    context.close()
    browser.close()


process = subprocess.Popen(
    ["uvicorn", "docs_src.separate_openapi_schemas.tutorial002:app"]
)
try:
    with sync_playwright() as playwright:
        run(playwright)
finally:

因此，开发时仍需要使用 Pydantic 模型。

但如果数据类很多，这一技巧能给 FastAPI 开发 Web API 增添不少助力。🤓

///

## `response_model` 使用数据类

在 `response_model` 参数中使用 `dataclasses`：

```Python hl_lines="1  7-13  19"
{!../../docs_src/dataclasses/tutorial002.py!}
```

本例把数据类自动转换为 Pydantic 数据类。

API 文档中也会显示相关概图：

<img src="/img/tutorial/dataclasses/image01.png">

## 在嵌套数据结构中使用数据类

您还可以把 `dataclasses` 与其它类型注解组合在一起，创建嵌套数据结构。

```Python hl_lines="20"
{!> ../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```

////

//// tab | Python 3.8+

```Python hl_lines="22"
{!> ../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial002.py!}
```

////

Neste caso, o **FastAPI** perceberá que existe mais de um parâmetro de corpo na função (dois parâmetros que são modelos Pydantic).

```Python hl_lines="3"
{!../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial002.py!}
```

Obige Konfiguration würde das Theme für die Farbe der Syntaxhervorhebung ändern:

<img src="/img/tutorial/extending-openapi/image04.png">

## Defaultparameter der Swagger-Oberfläche ändern

🚥 🤔 👆 💪 ❎ 🏧 🛠️ 🎦 🔠, ⚒ 🔢 `convert_underscores` `Header` `False`:

//// tab | 🐍 3️⃣.6️⃣ & 🔛

```Python hl_lines="10"
{!> ../../docs_src/header_params/tutorial002.py!}
```

////

//// tab | 🐍 3️⃣.1️⃣0️⃣ & 🔛

```Python hl_lines="8"
{!> ../../docs_src/header_params/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```

////

/// warning

Você pode colocar o seu conteúdo XML em uma string, colocar em uma `Response`, e retorná-lo:

```Python hl_lines="1  18"
{!../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002.py!}
```

## Notas

Quando você retorna uma `Response` diretamente os dados não são validados, convertidos (serializados) ou documentados automaticamente.

```

////

//// tab | Python 3.8+ non-Annotated

/// tip

尽可能选择使用 `Annotated` 的版本。

///

```Python hl_lines="10"
{!> ../../docs_src/header_params/tutorial002.py!}
```

////

/// warning | "警告"

注意，使用 `convert_underscores = False` 要慎重，有些 HTTP 代理和服务器不支持使用带有下划线的请求头。

///

## 重复的请求头

有时，可能需要接收重复的请求头。即同一个请求头有多个值。

먼저 `fastapi`에서 `Path`를 임포트합니다:

```Python hl_lines="3"
{!../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial001.py!}
```

## 메타데이터 선언

`Query`에 동일한 매개변수를 선언할 수 있습니다.

예를 들어, `title` 메타데이터 값을 경로 매개변수 `item_id`에 선언하려면 다음과 같이 입력할 수 있습니다:

```Python hl_lines="10"
{!../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial001.py!}
```

/// note | "참고"

경로 매개변수는 경로의 일부여야 하므로 언제나 필수적입니다.

    # ---------------------
    context.close()
    browser.close()


process = subprocess.Popen(
    ["fastapi", "run", "docs_src/sql_databases/tutorial002.py"],
)
try:
    for _ in range(3):
        try:
            response = httpx.get("http://localhost:8000/docs")
        except httpx.ConnectError:
            time.sleep(1)
            break

You should do it after adding all your *path operations*.

```Python hl_lines="2  12-21  24"
{!../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
```

/// tip

If you manually call `app.openapi()`, you should update the `operationId`s before that.

///

/// warning

If you do this, you have to make sure each one of your *path operation functions* has a unique name.