assertTrue(output.contains(" AB~"));
        // High bytes should be dots
        assertTrue(output.contains("..."));
    }

    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 1, 15, 16, 17, 31, 32, 33, 64, 128 })
    @DisplayName("Should handle various data sizes in hexdump")
    void testHexdumpVariousSizes(int size) {
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

            assertEquals("Expected structureSize = 4", exception.getMessage());
        }

        @ParameterizedTest
        @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 100, 65535 })
        @DisplayName("Should throw exception for various invalid structure sizes")
        void testReadBytesWireFormatVariousInvalidSizes(int structureSize) {

        assertEquals(testSessionId, decodedHeader.getSessionId());
    }

    // Duplicate testFlags method removed - keeping the first one

    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, 64, 1024, 4096, 65536 })
    @DisplayName("Should handle various message sizes")
    void testVariousMessageSizes(int messageSize) {
        // When
        transformHeader.setOriginalMessageSize(messageSize);

Remember I told you before that `Annotated` can be used to add metadata to your parameters in the [Python Types Intro](../python-types.md#type-hints-with-metadata-annotations){.internal-link target=_blank}?

Now it's the time to use it with FastAPI. 🚀

We had this type annotation:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python
q: str | None = None
```

# Einführung in Python-Typen

Python hat Unterstützung für optionale „Typhinweise“ (Englisch: „Type Hints“). Auch „Typ Annotationen“ genannt.

Diese **„Typhinweise“** oder -Annotationen sind eine spezielle Syntax, die es erlaubt, den <abbr title="Zum Beispiel: str, int, float, bool">Typ</abbr> einer Variablen zu deklarieren.

Durch das Deklarieren von Typen für Ihre Variablen können Editoren und Tools bessere Unterstützung bieten.

 *
 * <h3>Common ways to use</h3>
 *
 * <p>Getting a converter:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>Use a provided converter implementation, such as {@link Enums#stringConverter}, {@link
 *       com.google.common.primitives.Ints#stringConverter Ints.stringConverter} or the {@linkplain
 *       #reverse reverse} views of these.
 *   <li>Convert between specific preset values using {@link

    List<Integer> ints = Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2);
    List<Float> floats = Arrays.asList(0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f);
    List<Long> longs = Arrays.asList(0L, 1L, 2L);
    List<Double> doubles = Arrays.asList(0.0, 1.0, 2.0);

    assertThat(Doubles.toArray(bytes)).isEqualTo(array);
    assertThat(Doubles.toArray(shorts)).isEqualTo(array);
    assertThat(Doubles.toArray(ints)).isEqualTo(array);

    List<Integer> ints = Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2);
    List<Float> floats = Arrays.asList(0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f);
    List<Long> longs = Arrays.asList(0L, 1L, 2L);
    List<Double> doubles = Arrays.asList(0.0, 1.0, 2.0);

    assertThat(Longs.toArray(bytes)).isEqualTo(array);
    assertThat(Longs.toArray(shorts)).isEqualTo(array);
    assertThat(Longs.toArray(ints)).isEqualTo(array);

    List<Integer> ints = Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2);
    List<Float> floats = Arrays.asList(0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f);
    List<Long> longs = Arrays.asList(0L, 1L, 2L);
    List<Double> doubles = Arrays.asList(0.0, 1.0, 2.0);

    assertThat(Shorts.toArray(bytes)).isEqualTo(array);
    assertThat(Shorts.toArray(shorts)).isEqualTo(array);
    assertThat(Shorts.toArray(ints)).isEqualTo(array);

            assertEquals(expectedResult, buffer.getPathConsumed());
        }

        @ParameterizedTest
        @DisplayName("Should handle various tflags values")
        @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, 255, 256, 32767, 65535 })
        void testTflagsValues(int tflagsValue) {
            byte[] testBuffer = new byte[8];
            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(testBuffer).order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);