I'll show you some concrete examples in the next chapters.

---

Then the next concepts to consider are all about the program running your actual API (e.g. Uvicorn).

## Program and Process

## Integrated middlewares

**FastAPI** includes several middlewares for common use cases, we'll see next how to use them.

/// note | "Technical Details"

For the next examples, you could also use `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`.

      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      Iterator<String> iterator = components.iterator();
      if (iterator.hasNext()) {
        sb.append(iterator.next().toString());
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
          sb.append(DELIMITER_STRING);
          sb.append(iterator.next());
        }
      }
      dummy ^= sb.toString().length();
    }
    return dummy;
  }

  /**

        @Override
        public boolean hasNext() {
          return backingEntries.hasNext();
        }

        @Override
        public Multiset.Entry<E> next() {
          final Map.Entry<E, Integer> mapEntry = backingEntries.next();
          return new Multisets.AbstractEntry<E>() {
            @Override
            public E getElement() {
              return mapEntry.getKey();
            }

      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      Iterator<String> iterator = components.iterator();
      if (iterator.hasNext()) {
        sb.append(iterator.next().toString());
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
          sb.append(DELIMITER_STRING);
          sb.append(iterator.next());
        }
      }
      dummy ^= sb.toString().length();
    }
    return dummy;
  }

  /**

				b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
					rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
					n := 0
					var latency int64
					managers := grid.Managers
					hosts := grid.Hosts
					for pb.Next() {
						// Pick a random manager.
						src, dst := rng.Intn(len(managers)), rng.Intn(len(managers))
						if src == dst {
							dst = (dst + 1) % len(managers)
						}
						local := managers[src]

          @Override
          @CheckForNull
          protected E computeNext() {
            if (itr1.hasNext()) {
              return itr1.next();
            }
            while (itr2.hasNext()) {
              E e = itr2.next();
              if (!set1.contains(e)) {
                return e;
              }
            }
            return endOfData();
          }
        };

  - apiserver_flowcontrol_latest_s: S(the request last dispatched) = R(when that request starts executing in the virtual world)
  - apiserver_flowcontrol_next_s_bounds: min and max next S among non-empty queues

            if (locations.size() == 1 && locations.values().iterator().next() == this) {
                return new org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation(
                        lineNumber,
                        columnNumber,
                        source != null ? source.toApiSource() : null,
                        locations.keySet().iterator().next());
            } else {

    assertEquals(mapEntry(k0(), v0()), iterator.next());
    iterator.remove();
    assertTrue(multimap().isEmpty());
  }

  @CollectionSize.Require(absent = ZERO)
  @MapFeature.Require(SUPPORTS_REMOVE)
  public void testEntriesRemainValidAfterRemove() {
    Iterator<Entry<K, V>> iterator = multimap().entries().iterator();
    Entry<K, V> entry = iterator.next();
    K key = entry.getKey();