def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">
<summary>⚖️ ⚙️ <code>async def</code>...</summary>

🚥 👆 📟 ⚙️ `async` / `await`, ⚙️ `async def`:

```Python hl_lines="9  14"
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
async def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}

    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
```

<details markdown="1">
<summary>או השתמשו ב - <code>async def</code>...</summary>

אם הקוד שלכם משתמש ב - `async` / `await`, השתמשו ב - `async def`:

```Python hl_lines="9  14"
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
async def read_root():

Nesse caso, a função de tarefa gravará em um arquivo (simulando o envio de um e-mail).

E como a operação de gravação não usa `async` e `await`, definimos a função com `def` normal:

```Python hl_lines="6-9"
{!../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001.py!}
```

## Adicionar a tarefa em segundo plano

In this case, the task function will write to a file (simulating sending an email).

And as the write operation doesn't use `async` and `await`, we define the function with normal `def`:

{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001.py hl[6:9] *}

## Add the background task

      // We wait at most 1 second, so we don't ever turn multiple lost threads into
      // a test timeout failure.
      val waitTime = (entryTime + 1_000_000_000L - System.nanoTime())
      if (!queue.idleLatch().await(waitTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)) {
        TaskRunner.INSTANCE.lock.withLock {
          TaskRunner.INSTANCE.cancelAll()
        }
        fail<Unit>("Queue still active after 1000 ms")
      }
    }
  }

            // that the stream has since been closed (such as if this write timed out.)
            if (!streams.containsKey(streamId)) {
              throw IOException("stream closed")
            }
            condition.await() // Wait until we receive a WINDOW_UPDATE.
          }
        } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
          Thread.currentThread().interrupt() // Retain interrupted status.
          throw InterruptedIOException()

    }

    val startedTask = startNextTask()
    val otherTasksStarted = startedTask != yieldCompleteTask

    try {
      while (currentTask != self) {
        taskRunner.condition.await()
      }
    } finally {
      serialTaskQueue.remove(yieldCompleteTask)
    }

    // If we're yielding until we're exhausted and a task run, keep going until a task doesn't run.

        new UncaughtExceptionHandler() {
          @Override
          public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {}
        });
    thread.start();

    boolean done = doneSignal.await(1, SECONDS);
    if (!done) {
      StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
      for (StackTraceElement trace : thread.getStackTrace()) {
        builder.append("\tat ").append(trace).append('\n');
      }

        new UncaughtExceptionHandler() {
          @Override
          public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {}
        });
    thread.start();

    boolean done = doneSignal.await(1, SECONDS);
    if (!done) {
      StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
      for (StackTraceElement trace : thread.getStackTrace()) {
        builder.append("\tat ").append(trace).append('\n');
      }

        )

    tasks.add_task(bg, state)
    return state


@app.middleware("http")
async def middleware(request, call_next):
    response: StreamingResponse = await call_next(request)
    response.headers["x-state"] = json.dumps(state.copy())
    return response


client = TestClient(app)


def test_async_state():