* sponsor: sponsor
* host (in a podcast): host
* request (as in HTTP request): request
* response (as in HTTP response): response
* path operation function: path operation function (do not translate to "función de operación de ruta")
* path operation: path operation (do not translate to "operación de ruta")
* path (as in URL path): path (do not translate to "ruta")
* query (as in URL query): query (do not translate to "consulta")

 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,
 * either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
 * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
 */

/*
 * © 2025 CodeLibs, Inc.
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */

For these cases, your **FastAPI** application has an attribute `app.dependency_overrides`, it is a simple `dict`.

To override a dependency for testing, you put as a key the original dependency (a function), and as the value, your dependency override (another function).

And then **FastAPI** will call that override instead of the original dependency.

    /**
     * Reads an unsigned byte value.
     * @return the unsigned byte value as an integer
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public int readUnsignedByte() throws IOException {
        return readByte() & 0xff;
    }

    /**
     * Reads an unsigned 32-bit integer value.
     * @return the unsigned integer value as a long
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */

        assertTrue(ex.getMessage().contains("Empty kerberos ApReq"));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("byte[] ctor: malformed DER is wrapped as PACDecodingException (IOException path)")
    void byteArrayConstructor_malformedDER_throwsWrapped() {
        // Arrange: Truncated SEQUENCE (0x30 len=2 but only 1 byte of content)

            case 3:// Encrypted part
                ASN1Sequence encSequence = ASN1Util.as(ASN1Sequence.class, tagged);
                ASN1Integer encType = ASN1Util.as(ASN1Integer.class, ASN1Util.as(ASN1TaggedObject.class, encSequence, 0));
                DEROctetString encOctets = ASN1Util.as(DEROctetString.class, ASN1Util.as(ASN1TaggedObject.class, encSequence, 2));
                byte[] crypt = encOctets.getOctets();

/**
 * Tests for the {@link ASN1Util} class.
 */
class ASN1UtilTest {

    // --- as(Class, Object) ---

    @Test
    void testAs_Object_Success() throws PACDecodingException {
        // Test successful casting
        String expected = "test string";
        Object obj = expected;
        String result = ASN1Util.as(String.class, obj);
        assertSame(expected, result);
    }

    @Test

          version = it[0] as Long,
          serialNumber = it[1] as BigInteger,
          signature = it[2] as AlgorithmIdentifier,
          issuer = (it[3] as Pair<*, *>).second as List<List<AttributeTypeAndValue>>,
          validity = it[4] as Validity,
          subject = (it[5] as Pair<*, *>).second as List<List<AttributeTypeAndValue>>,
          subjectPublicKeyInfo = it[6] as SubjectPublicKeyInfo,