However, if you use the `pip install fastapi` command, the `python-multipart` package is not included by default.

To install it manually, make sure you create a [virtual environment](../../virtual-environments.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, activate it, and then install it with:

```console
$ pip install python-multipart
```

This is because **OAuth2** uses "form data" for sending the `username` and `password`.

///

package cmd

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"path/filepath"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
	xhttp "github.com/minio/minio/internal/http"
	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/logger"
)

var printEndpointError = func() func(Endpoint, error, bool) {
	var mutex sync.Mutex
	printOnce := make(map[Endpoint]map[string]int)

    client = TestClient(app, raise_server_exceptions=False)
    response = client.get("/items/portal-gun")
    assert response.status_code == 500, response.text

在此，我们简单回顾一下 **FastAPI** 的历史。

## 备选方案

有那么几年，我曾领导数个开发团队为诸多复杂需求创建各种 API，这些需求包括机器学习、分布系统、异步任务、NoSQL 数据库等领域。

作为工作的一部分，我需要调研很多备选方案、还要测试并且使用这些备选方案。

**FastAPI** 其实只是延续了这些前辈的历史。

正如[备选方案](alternatives.md){.internal-link target=_blank}一章所述：

<blockquote markdown="1">
没有大家之前所做的工作，**FastAPI** 就不会存在。

以前创建的这些工具为它的出现提供了灵感。

在那几年中，我一直回避创建新的框架。首先，我尝试使用各种框架、插件、工具解决 **FastAPI** 现在的功能。

	public final fun -deprecated_trustManager ()Ljavax/net/ssl/X509TrustManager;
	public synthetic fun <init> (Ljavax/net/ssl/X509KeyManager;Ljavax/net/ssl/X509TrustManager;Lkotlin/jvm/internal/DefaultConstructorMarker;)V
	public final fun keyManager ()Ljavax/net/ssl/X509KeyManager;
	public final fun sslContext ()Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLContext;
	public final fun sslSocketFactory ()Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocketFactory;

import java.net.UnknownHostException
import okio.Buffer
import okio.ByteString
import okio.utf8Size

/**
 * Trivial Dns Encoder/Decoder, basically ripped from Netty full implementation.
 */
internal object DnsRecordCodec {
  private const val SERVFAIL = 2
  private const val NXDOMAIN = 3
  const val TYPE_A = 0x0001
  const val TYPE_AAAA = 0x001c
  private const val TYPE_PTR = 0x000c

以上述方式挂载子应用时，FastAPI 使用 ASGI 规范中的 `root_path` 机制处理挂载子应用路径之间的通信。

这样，子应用就可以为自动文档使用路径前缀。

并且子应用还可以再挂载子应用，一切都会正常运行，FastAPI 可以自动处理所有 `root_path`。

fun X509Certificate.certificatePem(): String {
  return buildString {
    append("-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n")
    encodeBase64Lines(encoded.toByteString())
    append("-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n")
  }
}

internal fun StringBuilder.encodeBase64Lines(data: ByteString) {
  val base64 = data.base64()
  for (i in 0 until base64.length step 64) {
    append(base64, i, minOf(i + 64, base64.length)).append('\n')
  }

	"crypto/sha1"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/binary"
	"fmt"
	"hash"
	"hash/crc32"
	"net/http"
	"strconv"
	"strings"

	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/hash/sha256"
	xhttp "github.com/minio/minio/internal/http"
	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/logger"
)

func hashLogIf(ctx context.Context, err error) {
	logger.LogIf(ctx, "hash", err)
}

import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.util.Date;

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.codelibs.core.collection.Maps;
import org.codelibs.fess.unit.UnitFessTestCase;
import org.codelibs.sai.internal.ir.debug.ObjectSizeCalculator;

import com.google.common.collect.Lists;

public class MemoryUtilTest extends UnitFessTestCase {

    public void test_byteCountToDisplaySize() {