}

  /** Convenience method to compute a fingerprint on a full bytes array. */
  private static long fingerprint(byte[] bytes) {
    return fingerprint(bytes, bytes.length);
  }

  /** Convenience method to compute a fingerprint on a subset of a byte array. */
  private static long fingerprint(byte[] bytes, int length) {
    return HASH_FN.hashBytes(bytes, 0, length).asLong();
  }

  /**

    public void initResults() throws IOException {
        final BytesStreamOutput tmp = new BytesStreamOutput();
        final long bytes = new ByteSizeValue(dataMb, ByteSizeUnit.MB).getBytes();
        for (int i = 0; i < bytes / 8; i++) {
            tmp.writeLong(i);
        }
        pagedBytes = tmp.bytes();
        if (pagedBytes instanceof PagedBytesReference == false) {

            ListTestSuiteBuilder.using(new BytesAsListTailSubListGenerator())
                .named("Bytes.asList, tail subList"),
            ListTestSuiteBuilder.using(new BytesAsListMiddleSubListGenerator())
                .named("Bytes.asList, middle subList"));

    TestSuite suite = new TestSuite();
    for (ListTestSuiteBuilder<Byte> builder : builders) {
      suite.addTest(
          builder

    @JvmName("create")
    fun String.toRequestBody(contentType: MediaType? = null): RequestBody {
      val (charset, finalContentType) = contentType.chooseCharset()
      val bytes = toByteArray(charset)
      return bytes.toRequestBody(finalContentType, 0, bytes.size)
    }

    @JvmStatic
    @JvmName("create")
    fun ByteString.toRequestBody(contentType: MediaType? = null): RequestBody =
      object : RequestBody() {

   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytes} has fewer than 2 elements
   */
  @GwtIncompatible // doesn't work
  public static char fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
    checkArgument(bytes.length >= BYTES, "array too small: %s < %s", bytes.length, BYTES);
    return fromBytes(bytes[0], bytes[1]);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the {@code char} value whose byte representation is the given 2 bytes, in big-endian

   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytes} has fewer than 2 elements
   */
  @GwtIncompatible // doesn't work
  public static short fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
    checkArgument(bytes.length >= BYTES, "array too small: %s < %s", bytes.length, BYTES);
    return fromBytes(bytes[0], bytes[1]);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the {@code short} value whose byte representation is the given 2 bytes, in big-endian

    Random r = new Random(1234567);
    for (int length = 0; length < 1000; length++) {
      byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
      r.nextBytes(bytes);
      assertCrc(referenceCrc(bytes), bytes);
    }
  }

  private static int referenceCrc(byte[] bytes) {
    int crc = ~0;
    for (byte b : bytes) {
      crc = (crc >>> 8) ^ Crc32cHashFunction.Crc32cHasher.byteTable[(crc ^ b) & 0xFF];
    }
    return ~crc;

)

const (
	byteRangePrefix = "bytes="
)

// HTTPRangeSpec represents a range specification as supported by S3 GET
// object request.
//
// Case 1: Not present -> represented by a nil RangeSpec
// Case 2: bytes=1-10 (absolute start and end offsets) -> RangeSpec{false, 1, 10}
// Case 3: bytes=10- (absolute start offset with end offset unspecified) -> RangeSpec{false, 10, -1}

Esto también significa que con `StreamingResponse` tienes la libertad y la responsabilidad de producir y codificar los bytes de datos exactamente como necesites enviarlos, independientemente de las anotaciones de tipos. 🤓

### Transmitir bytes { #stream-bytes }

Uno de los casos de uso principales sería transmitir `bytes` en lugar de strings; por supuesto puedes hacerlo.

{* ../../docs_src/stream_data/tutorial001_py310.py ln[44:47] hl[47] *}

) -> None:
    app = FastAPI()

    @app.post("/upload")
    async def upload(files: Annotated[list[bytes], File()]):
        # return something that makes order obvious
        return [b[0] for b in files]

    original_read = StarletteUploadFile.read

    async def patched_read(self: StarletteUploadFile, size: int = -1) -> bytes:
        # Make the FIRST file slower *deterministically*
        if self.filename == "slow.txt":