from typing import Annotated, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Security
from fastapi.security import (
    OAuth2PasswordBearer,
    SecurityScopes,
)
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

app = FastAPI()

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


def process_auth(
    credentials: Annotated[Union[str, None], Security(oauth2_scheme)],
    security_scopes: SecurityScopes,
):

}
```

### Setting the `root_path` in the FastAPI app { #setting-the-root-path-in-the-fastapi-app }

Alternatively, if you don't have a way to provide a command line option like `--root-path` or equivalent, you can set the `root_path` parameter when creating your FastAPI app:

{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial002_py39.py hl[3] *}

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import PlainTextResponse

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
async def main():

new_app = UnicornMiddleware(app, some_config="rainbow")
```

Mas, o FastAPI (na verdade, o Starlette) fornece uma maneira mais simples de fazer isso que garante que os middlewares internos lidem com erros do servidor e que os manipuladores de exceções personalizados funcionem corretamente.

Para isso, você usa `app.add_middleware()` (como no exemplo para CORS).

```Python
from fastapi import FastAPI
from unicorn import UnicornMiddleware

app = FastAPI()

# 直接返回响应

当你创建一个 **FastAPI** *路径操作* 时，你可以正常返回以下任意一种数据：`dict`，`list`，Pydantic 模型，数据库模型等等。

**FastAPI** 默认会使用 `jsonable_encoder` 将这些类型的返回值转换成 JSON 格式，`jsonable_encoder` 在 [JSON 兼容编码器](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank} 中有阐述。

然后，**FastAPI** 会在后台将这些兼容 JSON 的数据（比如字典）放到一个 `JSONResponse` 中，该 `JSONResponse` 会用来发送响应给客户端。

但是你可以在你的 *路径操作* 中直接返回一个 `JSONResponse`。

直接返回响应可能会有用处，比如返回自定义的响应头和 cookies。

## 返回 `Response`

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from docs_src.path_operation_advanced_configuration.tutorial002_py39 import app

client = TestClient(app)


def test_get():
    response = client.get("/items/")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == [{"item_id": "Foo"}]


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text

## Description avancée de docstring

Vous pouvez limiter le texte utilisé de la docstring d'une *fonction de chemin* qui sera affiché sur OpenAPI.

L'ajout d'un `\f` (un caractère d'échappement "form feed") va permettre à **FastAPI** de tronquer la sortie utilisée pour OpenAPI à ce stade.

Il n'apparaîtra pas dans la documentation, mais d'autres outils (tel que Sphinx) pourront utiliser le reste.

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware

app = FastAPI()

app.add_middleware(HTTPSRedirectMiddleware)


@app.get("/")
async def main():

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import RedirectResponse

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/pydantic", response_class=RedirectResponse, status_code=302)
async def redirect_pydantic():

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import RedirectResponse

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/teleport")
async def get_teleport() -> RedirectResponse: