byte[] dest = new byte[5];

        int encodedLen = encodable.encode(dest, 0);

        // Verify encoded length
        assertEquals(3, encodedLen, "Encoded length should be equal to the specified length");

        // Verify content
        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00 }, dest, "Encoded bytes should match the expected subset");
    }

    @Test

        dstOut.enc_ndr_long(1); // Non-null pointer for totalentries
        totalentries.encode(dstOut); // Encode the totalentries

        dstOut.enc_ndr_long(0); // Simulate retval

        // Use the encoded data for decoding
        NdrBuffer srcOut = new NdrBuffer(encodeBufferOut, 0);
        decodedEnumEx.decode_out(srcOut);

        assertEquals(0, decodedEnumEx.retval);
        assertEquals(info.level, decodedEnumEx.info.level);

     * @return The string encoded in <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> format.
     */
    public static String encode(final String s, final String enc) {
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("s", s);
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("enc", enc);

        try {
            return URLEncoder.encode(s, enc);
        } catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException e) {

        // Encode
        byte[] buffer = new byte[8];
        int encoded = original.encode(buffer, 0);
        assertEquals(8, encoded);

        // Decode
        FileEndOfFileInformation decoded = new FileEndOfFileInformation();
        int decodedBytes = decoded.decode(buffer, 0, 8);
        assertEquals(8, decodedBytes);

            // Encode all contexts
            byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
            int offset = 0;
            for (CreateContextRequest context : contexts) {
                int encoded = context.encode(buffer, offset);
                assertTrue(encoded > 0);
                offset += encoded;
            }

            // Verify each context was encoded
            assertTrue(offset > 0);

        byte[] encoded = AvPairs.encode(pairs);

        assertNotNull(encoded, "Encoded data should not be null");
        assertEquals(4, encoded.length, "Should only have EOL (4 bytes)");
        assertEquals(AvPair.MsvAvEOL, SMBUtil.readInt2(encoded, 0), "Should be EOL");
        assertEquals(0, SMBUtil.readInt2(encoded, 2), "EOL length should be 0");
    }

    /**
     * Test round-trip encoding and decoding

        assertTrue(request.size() > 0);

        // Test encoding
        byte[] buffer = new byte[request.size()];
        int encoded = request.encode(buffer, 0);
        assertEquals(request.size(), encoded);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDurableHandleV2Request() {
        DurableHandleV2Request request = new DurableHandleV2Request(120000, false);

            byte[] buffer = new byte[EXPECTED_SIZE * 3];

            // When
            int offset1 = chunk1.encode(buffer, 0);
            int offset2 = chunk2.encode(buffer, offset1);
            int offset3 = chunk3.encode(buffer, offset1 + offset2);

            // Then
            assertEquals(EXPECTED_SIZE, offset1);
            assertEquals(EXPECTED_SIZE, offset2);

            byte[] buffer = new byte[8];
            int encoded = original.encode(buffer, 0);

            assertEquals(8, encoded);

            // Decode into new instance
            FileEndOfFileInformation decoded = new FileEndOfFileInformation();
            int decodedBytes = decoded.decode(buffer, 0, buffer.length);

            assertEquals(8, decodedBytes);

            // Verify values match

  }

  private fun testToUrl(
    codePoint: Int,
    encoding: UrlComponentEncodingTester.Encoding,
    component: Component,
  ) {
    val encoded = encoding.encode(codePoint)
    val httpUrl = component.urlString(encoded).toHttpUrl()
    val javaNetUrl = httpUrl.toUrl()
    if (javaNetUrl.toString() != javaNetUrl.toString()) {
      fail("Encoding $component $codePoint using $encoding")
    }
  }