include::rich_versions.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::dynamic_versions.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::dependency_locking.adoc[leveloffset=+1]

= Controlling Transitive Dependencies
include::dependency_constraints.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::dependency_downgrade_and_exclude.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::platforms.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::dependency_version_alignment.adoc[leveloffset=+1]

    List<ComponentVariant.DependencyConstraint> getDependencyConstraints();

    void addDependencyConstraint(String group, String module, VersionConstraint versionConstraint, String reason, ImmutableAttributes attributes);

    Set<Capability> getCapabilities();

- `(c)`: This element is a <<dependency_constraints.adoc#sec:direct-vs-transitive-deps,dependency constraint>>, not a dependency. Look for the matching dependency elsewhere in the tree.

        def platformGMM = mavenHttpRepo.module("org", "other-platform", "1.0")
            .asGradlePlatform()
            .dependencyConstraint(foo)
            .publish()
        def mavenBom = mavenHttpRepo.module("org", "bom-platform", "1.0")
            .hasType("pom")
            .dependencyConstraint(foo)
            .publish()

        @Override
        public ImmutableList<? extends Dependency> getDependencies() {
            return delegate.getDependencies();
        }

        @Override
        public ImmutableList<? extends DependencyConstraint> getDependencyConstraints() {
            return delegate.getDependencyConstraints();
        }

        @Override
        public ImmutableList<? extends File> getFiles() {
            return delegate.getFiles();

In particular, Gradle Module Metadata supports:

- <<rich_versions.adoc#rich-version-constraints,rich version constraints>>
- <<dependency_constraints.adoc#sec:adding-constraints-transitive-deps,dependency constraints>>
- <<component_capabilities.adoc#declaring-component-capabilities,component capabilities>>

        @Override
        public ImmutableList<? extends Dependency> getDependencies() {
            return delegate.getDependencies();
        }

        @Override
        public ImmutableList<? extends DependencyConstraint> getDependencyConstraints() {
            return delegate.getDependencyConstraints();
        }

        @Override
        public ImmutableList<? extends File> getFiles() {

For example, a dependency constraint can narrow down the set of supported module versions.
Dependency constraints can be used to express such requirements for transitive dependencies.
For more information, see the sections on <<dependency_constraints.adoc#dependency-constraints,upgrading>> and <<dependency_downgrade_and_exclude.adoc#downgrading_versions_and_excluding_dependencies,downgrading>> transitive dependencies.

[[sub:terminology_feature_variant]]

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import org.gradle.api.GradleException;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.DependencyArtifact;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.DependencyConstraint;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ExcludeRule;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ExternalDependency;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ModuleDependency;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ModuleVersionIdentifier;

import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.gradle.api.GradleException;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.Dependency;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.DependencyConstraint;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ExcludeRule;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ExternalDependency;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ModuleDependency;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ProjectDependency;