String result = DocumentUtil.encodeUrl("http://example.com/\u00D6sterreich");
        assertEquals("http://example.com/%D6sterreich", result);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_encodeUrl_fileProtocolWithSpecialChars() {
        // [ ] and % pass through; space would be encoded but %20 stays as-is (% is URL char)
        String result = DocumentUtil.encodeUrl("file:///data/[logs]/file%20name.txt");