val toVerify = result[result.size - 1] as X509Certificate

      // If this cert has been signed by a trusted cert, use that. Add the trusted certificate to
      // the end of the chain unless it's already present. (That would happen if the first
      // certificate in the chain is itself a self-signed and trusted CA certificate.)
      val trustedCert = trustRootIndex.findByIssuerAndSignature(toVerify)

     * certificates). Set this to 1 so this certificate can sign intermediate certificates that can
     * themselves sign certificates. Add one for each additional layer of intermediates to permit.
     */
    fun certificateAuthority(maxIntermediateCas: Int) =
      apply {
        require(maxIntermediateCas >= 0) {
          "maxIntermediateCas < 0: $maxIntermediateCas"

     *
     * It helps to consider the real number signif = absX * 2^(SIGNIFICAND_BITS - exponent).
     */
    int shift = exponent - SIGNIFICAND_BITS - 1;
    long twiceSignifFloor = absX.shiftRight(shift).longValue();
    long signifFloor = twiceSignifFloor >> 1;
    signifFloor &= SIGNIFICAND_MASK; // remove the implied bit

    /*
     * We round up if either the fractional part of signif is strictly greater than 0.5 (which is

     * deal with the cases where rounding towards 0 is wrong, which typically depends on the sign of
     * p / q.
     *
     * signum is 1 if p and q are both nonnegative or both negative, and -1 otherwise.
     */
    int signum = 1 | (int) ((p ^ q) >> (Long.SIZE - 1));
    boolean increment;
    switch (mode) {
      case UNNECESSARY:

	// Save signature finally.
	req.URL.RawQuery += "&Signature=" + url.QueryEscape(signature)
	return nil
}

// Sign given request using Signature V2.
func signRequestV2(req *http.Request, accessKey, secretKey string) error {
	signer.SignV2(*req, accessKey, secretKey, false)
	return nil
}

// Sign given request using Signature V4.
func signRequestV4(req *http.Request, accessKey, secretKey string) error {

	return hex.EncodeToString(sumHMAC(signingKey, []byte(stringToSign)))
}

// Check to see if Policy is signed correctly.
func doesPolicySignatureMatch(formValues http.Header) (auth.Credentials, APIErrorCode) {
	// For SignV2 - Signature field will be valid
	if _, ok := formValues[xhttp.AmzSignatureV2]; ok {
		return doesPolicySignatureV2Match(formValues)
	}

     * deal with the cases where rounding towards 0 is wrong, which typically depends on the sign of
     * p / q.
     *
     * signum is 1 if p and q are both nonnegative or both negative, and -1 otherwise.
     */
    int signum = 1 | (int) ((p ^ q) >> (Long.SIZE - 1));
    boolean increment;
    switch (mode) {
      case UNNECESSARY:

* A certificate signed by a CA contains information about the issued identity (e.g. name, expiry, public key) and any intermediate certificates. The root CA is not included.

## 3. Generate and use Self-signed Keys and Certificates with MinIO

This section describes how to generate a self-signed certificate using various tools:

* 3.1 [Use certgen to Generate a Certificate](#using-go)

// The responses for fetching the object when If-Modified-Since
// and If-Unmodified-Since headers set are validated.
// If-Modified-Since - Return the object only if it has been modified since the specified time, else return a 304 (not modified).
// If-Unmodified-Since - Return the object only if it has not been modified since the specified time, else return a 412 (precondition failed).

For testing purposes, here is [how to create self-signed certificates](https://github.com/minio/minio/tree/master/docs/tls#3-generate-self-signed-certificates).

## 2. Create Kubernetes secret

[Kubernetes secrets](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret) are intended to hold sensitive information.