import types
from enum import Enum
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, TypeVar, Union

from pydantic import BaseModel

DecoratedCallable = TypeVar("DecoratedCallable", bound=Callable[..., Any])
UnionType = getattr(types, "UnionType", Union)
ModelNameMap = dict[Union[type[BaseModel], type[Enum]], str]
IncEx = Union[set[int], set[str], dict[int, Any], dict[str, Any]]

  }

  private static Type[] toArray(Collection<Type> types) {
    return types.toArray(new Type[0]);
  }

  private static Iterable<Type> filterUpperBounds(Iterable<Type> bounds) {
    return Iterables.filter(bounds, Predicates.not(Predicates.<Type>equalTo(Object.class)));
  }

  private static void disallowPrimitiveType(Type[] types, String usedAs) {
    for (Type type : types) {
      if (type instanceof Class) {

  }

  private static Type[] toArray(Collection<Type> types) {
    return types.toArray(new Type[0]);
  }

  private static Iterable<Type> filterUpperBounds(Iterable<Type> bounds) {
    return Iterables.filter(bounds, Predicates.not(Predicates.<Type>equalTo(Object.class)));
  }

  private static void disallowPrimitiveType(Type[] types, String usedAs) {
    for (Type type : types) {
      if (type instanceof Class) {

Mas, infelizmente, você não obtém nada útil:

<img src="/img/python-types/image01.png">

### Adicionar tipos { #add-types }

Vamos modificar uma única linha da versão anterior.

Vamos mudar exatamente esse fragmento, os parâmetros da função, de:

```Python
    first_name, last_name
```

para:

Escribes el primer parámetro de la función, `first_name`, luego un punto (`.`) y luego presionas `Ctrl+Espacio` para activar el autocompletado.

Pero, tristemente, no obtienes nada útil:

<img src="/img/python-types/image01.png">

### Añadir tipos { #add-types }

Modifiquemos una sola línea de la versión anterior.

Cambiaremos exactamente este fragmento, los parámetros de la función, de:

```Python
    first_name, last_name
```

a:

These types that have internal types are called "**generic**" types. And it's possible to declare them, even with their internal types.

To declare those types and the internal types, you can use the standard Python module `typing`. It exists specifically to support these type hints.

#### Newer versions of Python { #newer-versions-of-python }

#### Types génériques

Les types qui peuvent contenir des paramètres de types entre crochets, comme :

* `List`
* `Tuple`
* `Set`
* `Dict`
* `Optional`
* ...et d'autres.

sont appelés des **types génériques** ou **Generics**.

### Classes en tant que types

Vous pouvez aussi déclarer une classe comme type d'une variable.

Şimdi programı sıfırdan birdaha yazdığınızı hayal edin.

Aynı noktada, `Ctrl+Space` ile otomatik tamamlamayı tetiklediniz  ve şunu görüyorsunuz:

<img src="/img/python-types/image02.png">

Aradığınızı bulana kadar seçenekleri kaydırabilirsiniz:

<img src="/img/python-types/image03.png">

## Daha fazla motivasyon

Bu fonksiyon, zaten tür belirteçlerine sahip:

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial003.py hl[1] *}

Вы вводите первый параметр функции, `first_name`, затем точку (`.`) и нажимаете `Ctrl+Space`, чтобы вызвать автозавершение.

Но, к сожалению, ничего полезного не находится:

<img src="/img/python-types/image01.png">

### Добавим типы { #add-types }

Давайте изменим одну строку из предыдущей версии.

Мы поменяем ровно этот фрагмент — параметры функции — с:

```Python
    first_name, last_name
```

на:

```Python

Aber leider erhalten Sie nichts Nützliches:

<img src="/img/python-types/image01.png">

### Typen hinzufügen { #add-types }

Lassen Sie uns eine einzelne Zeile aus der vorherigen Version ändern.

Wir ändern den folgenden Teil, die Parameter der Funktion, von:

```Python
    first_name, last_name
```