#### Generic tipler

Köşeli parantez içinde tip parametreleri alan bu türler, örneğin:

* `List`
* `Tuple`
* `Set`
* `Dict`
* `Optional`
* ...and others.

**Generic types** yada  **Generics** olarak adlandırılır.

### Tip olarak Sınıflar

Bir değişkenin tipini bir sınıf ile bildirebilirsiniz.

Diyelim ki  `name` değerine sahip `Person` sınıfınız var:

```Python hl_lines="1-3"

   * {@code [1]} and {@code [1, 1]}).
   */
  // Note: 90% of the time we don't add type parameters or wildcards that serve only to "tweak" the
  // desired return type. However, *nested* generics introduce a special class of problems that we
  // think tip it over into being worthwhile.
  public static <T extends @Nullable Object, S extends T> Comparator<Iterable<S>> lexicographical(
      Comparator<T> comparator) {

Les types qui peuvent contenir des paramètres de types entre crochets, comme :

* `List`
* `Tuple`
* `Set`
* `Dict`
* `Optional`
* ...et d'autres.

sont appelés des **types génériques** ou **Generics**.

### Classes en tant que types

Vous pouvez aussi déclarer une classe comme type d'une variable.

Disons que vous avez une classe `Person`, avec une variable `name` :

```Python hl_lines="1-3"

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```

#### Generic типи

Ці типи, які приймають параметри типу у квадратних дужках, називаються **Generic types** or **Generics**, наприклад:

=== "Python 3.8 і вище"

    * `List`
    * `Tuple`
    * `Set`
    * `Dict`
    * `Union`
    * `Optional`
    * ...та інші.

=== "Python 3.9 і вище"

      return getDone(future);
    }
  }

  private static class MyException extends Exception {}

  // Class hierarchy for generics sanity checks
  private static class Foo {}

  private static class FooChild extends Foo {}

  private static class Bar {}

  private static class BarChild extends Bar {}

   *
   * <p>The type specification is {@code <E extends Comparable>}, instead of the more specific
   * {@code <E extends Comparable<? super E>>}, to support classes defined without generics.
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") // https://github.com/google/guava/issues/989
  public static <E extends Comparable> TreeMultiset<E> create() {
    return new TreeMultiset<>(Ordering.natural());
  }

  /**

#### Generic(제네릭) 타입

이 타입은 대괄호 안에 매개변수를 가지며, 종류는:

* `List`
* `Tuple`
* `Set`
* `Dict`
* `Optional`
* ...등등

위와 같은 타입은 **Generic(제네릭) 타입** 혹은 **Generics(제네릭스)**라고 불립니다.

### 타입으로서의 클래스

변수의 타입으로 클래스를 선언할 수도 있습니다.

이름(name)을 가진 `Person` 클래스가 있다고 해봅시다.

```Python hl_lines="1-3"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial010.py!}
```

{@link java.lang.Class#isInstance(Object)} method on that type, passing the * the examined object. * * <p>The created matcher forces a relationship between specified type and the examined object, and should be * used when it is necessary to make generics conform, for example in the JMock clause * <code>with(any(Thing.class))</code></p> * <p/> * For example: * <pre>assertThat(new Canoe(), instanceOf(Canoe.class));</pre> */ public static <T> org.hamcrest.Matcher<T> any(java.lang.Class<T> type) { return...

      @TestDataPath("$PROJECT_ROOT")
      public class Generics {
        @Test
        public void testAllFilesPresentInGenerics() {
          KtTestUtil.assertAllTestsPresentByMetadataWithExcluded(this.getClass(), new File("analysis/analysis-api/testData/referenceResolve/kDoc/extensions/generics"), Pattern.compile("^([^.]+)\\.kt$"), null, true);
        }

 * used; or if the class exposes a public parameter-less constructor then it will be "new"d and
 * returned.
 *
 * <p>All default instances returned by {@link #get} are generics-safe. Clients won't get type
 * errors for using {@code get(Comparator.class)} as a {@code Comparator<Foo>}, for example.
 * Immutable empty instances are returned for collection types; {@code ""} for string; {@code 0} for