int pos = 0;
    for (char[] array : arrays) {
      System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, pos, array.length);
      pos += array.length;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a big-endian representation of {@code value} in a 2-element byte array; equivalent to
   * {@code ByteBuffer.allocate(2).putChar(value).array()}. For example, the input value {@code

    ALL_LONG_CANDIDATES = Iterables.concat(NONZERO_LONG_CANDIDATES, ImmutableList.of(0L));
  }

  /*
   * This list contains values that attempt to provoke overflow in big integer operations. It
   * contains positive values on or near 2^N for N near multiples of 8 (near byte boundaries). This
   * list is a superset of POSITIVE_LONG_CANDIDATES.
   */

            + " 340282366920938463463374607431768211457",
        expected.getMessage());
  }

  /** Checks that the IP converts to the big integer and the big integer converts to the IP. */
  private static void checkBigIntegerConversion(String ip, BigInteger bigIntegerIp) {
    InetAddress address = InetAddresses.forString(ip);

   * }
   *
   * The alternative natural refactorings into void or Exception-returning methods are much slower.
   * This is a big deal - we're talking factors of 2-8 in microbenchmarks, not just 10-20%. (This is
   * a hotspot optimizer bug, which should be fixed, but that's a separate, big project).
   *
   * The coding pattern above is heavily used in java.util, e.g. in ArrayList. There is a

          // yes, that's a lot of sinks!
          sinks.add(new Sink(chunkSize, bufferSize));
          // For convenience, testing only with big endianness, to match DataOutputStream.
          // I regard highly unlikely that both the little endianness tests above and this one
          // passes, and there is still a little endianness bug lurking around.
        }

    BigInteger min = BigInteger.ZERO;
    BigInteger max = UnsignedLong.MAX_VALUE.bigIntegerValue();
    for (BigInteger big : TEST_BIG_INTEGERS) {
      boolean expectSuccess = big.compareTo(min) >= 0 && big.compareTo(max) <= 0;
      try {
        assertThat(UnsignedLong.valueOf(big).bigIntegerValue()).isEqualTo(big);
        assertThat(expectSuccess).isTrue();
      } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {

    int bits = LongMath.log2(startingNumber, FLOOR) + 1;
    // Check for the next power of two boundary, to save us a CLZ operation.
    int nextPowerOfTwo = 1 << (bits - 1);

    // Iteratively multiply the longs as big as they can go.
    for (long num = startingNumber; num <= n; num++) {
      // Check to see if the floor(log2(num)) + 1 has changed.
      if ((num & nextPowerOfTwo) != 0) {
        nextPowerOfTwo <<= 1;
        bits++;

    ALL_LONG_CANDIDATES = Iterables.concat(NONZERO_LONG_CANDIDATES, ImmutableList.of(0L));
  }

  /*
   * This list contains values that attempt to provoke overflow in big integer operations. It
   * contains positive values on or near 2^N for N near multiples of 8 (near byte boundaries). This
   * list is a superset of POSITIVE_LONG_CANDIDATES.
   */

    int pos = 0;
    for (int[] array : arrays) {
      System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, pos, array.length);
      pos += array.length;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a big-endian representation of {@code value} in a 4-element byte array; equivalent to
   * {@code ByteBuffer.allocate(4).putInt(value).array()}. For example, the input value {@code

 * short}, {@code int}, {@code float}, {@code double}, and {@code long} values.
 *
 * <p><b>Note:</b> This class intentionally violates the specification of its supertype {@code
 * DataInput}, which explicitly requires big-endian byte order.
 *
 * @author Chris Nokleberg
 * @author Keith Bottner
 * @since 8.0
 */
@J2ktIncompatible
@GwtIncompatible
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault