func ExplainSQL(sql string, numericPlaceholder *regexp.Regexp, escaper string, avars ...interface{}) string {
	var (
		convertParams func(interface{}, int)
		vars          = make([]string, len(avars))
	)

	convertParams = func(v interface{}, idx int) {
		switch v := v.(type) {
		case bool:
			vars[idx] = strconv.FormatBool(v)

package clause

// From from clause
type From struct {
	Tables []Table
	Joins  []Join
}

// Name from clause name
func (from From) Name() string {
	return "FROM"
}

// Build build from clause
func (from From) Build(builder Builder) {
	if len(from.Tables) > 0 {
		for idx, table := range from.Tables {
			if idx > 0 {
				builder.WriteByte(',')
			}

			builder.WriteQuoted(table)
		}
	} else {

	LockingOptionsNoWait     = "NOWAIT"
)

type Locking struct {
	Strength string
	Table    Table
	Options  string
}

// Name where clause name
func (locking Locking) Name() string {
	return "FOR"
}

// Build build where clause
func (locking Locking) Build(builder Builder) {
	builder.WriteString(locking.Strength)
	if locking.Table.Name != "" {
		builder.WriteString(" OF ")

	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
)

func Query(db *gorm.DB) {
	if db.Error == nil {
		BuildQuerySQL(db)

		if !db.DryRun && db.Error == nil {
			rows, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.QueryContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)
			if err != nil {
				db.AddError(err)
				return
			}
			defer func() {
				db.AddError(rows.Close())
			}()
			gorm.Scan(rows, db, 0)

package tests_test

import (
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/google/uuid"
	"github.com/lib/pq"
	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

func TestPostgresReturningIDWhichHasStringType(t *testing.T) {
	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
		t.Skip()
	}

	type Yasuo struct {
		ID        string `gorm:"default:gen_random_uuid()"`
		Name      string

package callbacks

import (
	"reflect"
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
)

var schemaCache = &sync.Map{}

func TestConvertToCreateValues_DestType_Slice(t *testing.T) {
	type user struct {
		ID    int `gorm:"primaryKey"`
		Name  string
		Email string `gorm:"default:(-)"`
		Age   int    `gorm:"default:(-)"`
	}

package tests_test

import (
	"regexp"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

func TestUpsert(t *testing.T) {
	lang := Language{Code: "upsert", Name: "Upsert"}
	if err := DB.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}).Create(&lang).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to upsert, got %v", err)
	}

	lang2 := Language{Code: "upsert", Name: "Upsert"}

package clause_test

import (
	"sync"
	"testing"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
	"gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

func BenchmarkSelect(b *testing.B) {
	user, _ := schema.Parse(&tests.User{}, &sync.Map{}, db.NamingStrategy)

	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		stmt := gorm.Statement{DB: db, Table: user.Table, Schema: user, Clauses: map[string]clause.Clause{}}

package tests_test

import (
	"regexp"
	"testing"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

func TestDistinct(t *testing.T) {
	users := []User{
		*GetUser("distinct", Config{}),
		*GetUser("distinct", Config{}),
		*GetUser("distinct", Config{}),
		*GetUser("distinct-2", Config{}),
		*GetUser("distinct-3", Config{}),
	}
	users[0].Age = 20

	if err := DB.Create(&users).Error; err != nil {

permissions:
  contents: read

jobs:
  stale:
    permissions:
      issues: write  # for actions/stale to close stale issues
      pull-requests: write  # for actions/stale to close stale PRs
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    env:
      ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
    steps:
    - name: Close Stale Issues
      uses: actions/stale@v8
      with:
        repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}