elif isinstance(item, dict):
            assert len(item) == 1
            values = list(item.values())
            if not values:
                continue
            if isinstance(values[0], str):
                resolve_file(item=values[0], files=files, config=config)
            elif isinstance(values[0], list):
                resolve_files(items=values[0], files=files, config=config)
            else:

* Retrieve the stored data.
* Put that data in a Pydantic model.
* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `exclude_unset`).
    * This way you can update only the values actually set by the user, instead of overriding values already stored with default values in your model.
* Create a copy of the stored model, updating it's attributes with the received partial updates (using the `update` parameter).

import json
from pathlib import Path

file_path = Path("./openapi.json")
openapi_content = json.loads(file_path.read_text())

for path_data in openapi_content["paths"].values():
    for operation in path_data.values():
        tag = operation["tags"][0]
        operation_id = operation["operationId"]
        to_remove = f"{tag}-"
        new_operation_id = operation_id[len(to_remove) :]
        operation["operationId"] = new_operation_id

                    async_exit_stack=async_exit_stack,
                )
                values, errors, background_tasks, sub_response, _ = solved_result
                if not errors:
                    raw_response = await run_endpoint_function(
                        dependant=dependant, values=values, is_coroutine=is_coroutine
                    )
                    if isinstance(raw_response, Response):

    {!> ../../../docs_src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py!}
    ```

!!! tip
    Notice it's assigning a value with `=`, like:

    `orm_mode = True`

    It doesn't use `:` as for the type declarations before.

    This is setting a config value, not declaring a type.

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI, Header

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(x_token: Union[list[str], None] = Header(default=None)):

class ModelC(ModelB):
    password: str


class ModelA(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None
    model_b: ModelB

    @validator("name")
    def lower_username(cls, name: str, values):
        if not name.endswith("A"):
            raise ValueError("name must end in A")
        return name


async def get_model_c() -> ModelC:
    return ModelC(username="test-user", password="test-password")

async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)

!!! note
    FastAPI will know that the value of `q` is not required because of the default value `= None`.

    The `Union` in `Union[str, None]` is not used by FastAPI, but will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.

## Without Pydantic

!!! warning
    When you return a `Response` directly, like in the example above, it will be returned directly.

    It won't be serialized with a model, etc.

    Make sure it has the data you want it to have, and that the values are valid JSON (if you are using `JSONResponse`).

!!! note "Technical Details"
    You could also use `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.