!!! note "Technical Details"
    You could also use `from starlette.requests import Request`.

    **FastAPI** provides it as a convenience for you, the developer. But it comes directly from Starlette.

### Before and after the `response`

    }


def test_incorrect_token():
    response = client.get("/users/me", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer nonexistent"})
    assert response.status_code == 401, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Could not validate credentials"}
    assert response.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] == 'Bearer scope="me"'


def test_incorrect_token_type():
    response = client.get(

    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/questions
  - name: Feature Request
    about: To suggest an idea or ask about a feature, please start with a question saying what you would like to achieve. There might be a way to do it already.
    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/questions
  - name: Show and tell
    about: Show what you built with FastAPI or to be used with FastAPI.

* Import `StaticFiles`.
* "Mount" a `StaticFiles()` instance in a specific path.

```Python hl_lines="2  6"
{!../../../docs_src/static_files/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! note "Technical Details"
    You could also use `from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles`.

    **FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.staticfiles` as `fastapi.staticfiles` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But it actually comes directly from Starlette.

    return encoded_jwt


async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
        status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
        detail="Could not validate credentials",
        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
    )
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
        username: str = payload.get("sub")

    return encoded_jwt


async def get_current_user(token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]):
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
        status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
        detail="Could not validate credentials",
        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
    )
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
        username: str = payload.get("sub")

9. This *path operation function* is not returning dataclasses (although it could), but a list of dictionaries with internal data.

    FastAPI will use the `response_model` parameter (that includes dataclasses) to convert the response.

```JSON
{
  "detail": [
    {
      "type": "int_parsing",
      "loc": [
        "path",
        "item_id"
      ],
      "msg": "Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer",
      "input": "foo",
      "url": "https://errors.pydantic.dev/2.1/v/int_parsing"
    }
  ]
}
```

            """
        ),
    ] = False,
    media_type: Annotated[
        str,
        Doc(
            """
            The media type of this parameter field. Changing it would affect the
            generated OpenAPI, but currently it doesn't affect the parsing of the data.
            """
        ),
    ] = "application/json",
    alias: Annotated[
        Optional[str],

In this case, you could want to document how that external API *should* look like. What *path operation* it should have, what body it should expect, what response it should return, etc.

## An app with callbacks

Let's see all this with an example.

Imagine you develop an app that allows creating invoices.

These invoices will have an `id`, `title` (optional), `customer`, and `total`.