```Python hl_lines="6  11"
{!../../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial003.py!}
```

Sinon, le chemin `/users/{user_id}` correspondrait aussi à `/users/me`, la fonction "croyant" qu'elle a reçu un paramètre `user_id` avec pour valeur `"me"`.

## Valeurs prédéfinies

            Doc(
                """
                The function to call after the response is sent.

                It can be a regular `def` function or an `async def` function.
                """
            ),
        ],
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Add a function to be called in the background after the response is sent.

            line.textContent = `${chars.slice(0, i)} ${percent}%`;
			if (percent>progressPercent) {
				break;
			}
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper function for animation delays, called with `await`.
     * @param {number} time - Timeout, in ms.
     */
    _wait(time) {
        return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, time));
    }

    /**

!!! note "Technical Details"
    When you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, they are actually functions.

    That when called, return instances of classes of the same name.

    So, you import `Query`, which is a function. And when you call it, it returns an instance of a class also named `Query`.

    These functions are there (instead of just using the classes directly) so that your editor doesn't mark errors about their types.

For example, if you need to store it in a database.

For that, **FastAPI** provides a `jsonable_encoder()` function.

## Using the `jsonable_encoder`

Let's imagine that you have a database `fake_db` that only receives JSON compatible data.

For example, it doesn't receive `datetime` objects, as those are not compatible with JSON.

A "middleware" is basically a function that is always executed for each request, with some code executed before, and some code executed after the endpoint function.

### Create a middleware

The middleware we'll add (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` for each request, add it to the request and then close it once the request is finished.

from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc


class UploadFile(StarletteUploadFile):
    """
    A file uploaded in a request.

    Define it as a *path operation function* (or dependency) parameter.

    If you are using a regular `def` function, you can use the `upload_file.file`
    attribute to access the raw standard Python file (blocking, not async), useful and
    needed for non-async code.

    Read more about it in the

## Context Managers

### What are "Context Managers"

"Context Managers" are any of those Python objects that you can use in a `with` statement.

### Schritt 4: Definieren der **Pfadoperation-Funktion**

Das ist unsere „**Pfadoperation-Funktion**“:

* **Pfad**: ist `/`.
* **Operation**: ist `get`.
* **Funktion**: ist die Funktion direkt unter dem „Dekorator“ (unter `@app.get("/")`).

```Python hl_lines="7"
{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001.py!}
```

Dies ist eine Python-Funktion.

## Erstellung einer Middleware

Um eine Middleware zu erstellen, verwenden Sie den Dekorator `@app.middleware("http")` über einer Funktion.

Die Middleware-Funktion erhält:

* Den `request`.
* Eine Funktion `call_next`, die den `request` als Parameter erhält.
    * Diese Funktion gibt den `request` an die entsprechende *Pfadoperation* weiter.
    * Dann gibt es die von der entsprechenden *Pfadoperation* generierte `response` zurück.