* file is detected. The number of bytes read is returned, possibly zero. Does not close the
   * stream.
   *
   * <p>A caller can detect EOF if the number of bytes read is less than {@code len}. All subsequent
   * calls on the same stream will return zero.
   *
   * <p>If {@code b} is null, a {@code NullPointerException} is thrown. If {@code off} is negative,

 *
 * @author Jared Levy
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 * @since 2.0 (implements {@code NavigableSet} since 12.0)
 */
// TODO(benyu): benchmark and optimize all creation paths, which are a mess now
@GwtCompatible(serializable = true, emulated = true)
@SuppressWarnings("serial") // we're overriding default serialization
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault

              }
            });

    List<String> actual = newArrayList(result);
    List<String> expected = asList("1", "2", "null", "3");
    assertEquals(expected, actual);
  }

  // Far less exhaustive than the tests in IteratorsTest
  public void testCycle() {
    Iterable<String> cycle = Iterables.cycle("a", "b");

    int howManyChecked = 0;
    for (String string : cycle) {

     * traverse. When nodes would otherwise be changed, new nodes are created to replace them. This
     * works well for hash tables since the bin lists tend to be short. (The average length is less
     * than two.)
     *
     * Read operations can thus proceed without locking, but rely on selected uses of volatiles to
     * ensure that completed write operations performed by other threads are noticed. For most

   * until a nonzero result is found; imposes "dictionary order." If the end of one iterable is
   * reached, but not the other, the shorter iterable is considered to be less than the longer one.
   * For example, a lexicographical natural ordering over integers considers {@code [] < [1] < [1,
   * 1] < [1, 2] < [2]}.
   *

   * The new array contains nulls, even if the old array did not. If we wanted to be accurate, we
   * would declare a return type of `@Nullable T[]`. However, we've decided not to think too hard
   * about arrays for now, as they're a mess. (We previously discussed this in the review of
   * ObjectArrays, which is the main caller of this method.)
   */
  static <T extends @Nullable Object> T[] newArray(T[] reference, int length) {

   * @return the {@code char} value that equals {@code value}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code value} is greater than {@link Character#MAX_VALUE}
   *     or less than {@link Character#MIN_VALUE}
   */
  public static char checkedCast(long value) {
    char result = (char) value;
    checkArgument(result == value, "Out of range: %s", value);
    return result;
  }

  /**

   * to the JDK until JDK 7.
   *
   * @param a the first {@code double} to compare
   * @param b the second {@code double} to compare
   * @return a negative value if {@code a} is less than {@code b}; a positive value if {@code a} is
   *     greater than {@code b}; or zero if they are equal
   */
  public static int compare(double a, double b) {
    return Double.compare(a, b);
  }

  /**

   * @param value any value in the range of the {@code int} type
   * @return the {@code int} value that equals {@code value}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code value} is greater than {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE} or
   *     less than {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE}
   */
  public static int checkedCast(long value) {
    int result = (int) value;
    checkArgument(result == value, "Out of range: %s", value);
    return result;
  }

  /**

 * amortized since some operations can trigger a hash table resize.
 *
 * <p>This implementation consumes significantly less memory than {@code java.util.LinkedHashSet} or
 * even {@code java.util.HashSet}, and places considerably less load on the garbage collector. Like
 * {@code java.util.LinkedHashSet}, it offers insertion-order iteration, with identical behavior.
 *