checkElementIndex(index, size);

      Cut<C> lowerBound;
      if (positiveBoundedBelow) {
        lowerBound = (index == 0) ? Cut.<C>belowAll() : ranges.get(index - 1).upperBound;
      } else {
        lowerBound = ranges.get(index).upperBound;
      }

      Cut<C> upperBound;
      if (positiveBoundedAbove && index == size - 1) {
        upperBound = Cut.<C>aboveAll();
      } else {

  public static <E extends @Nullable Object> CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> newCopyOnWriteArrayList(
      Iterable<? extends E> elements) {
    // We copy elements to an ArrayList first, rather than incurring the
    // quadratic cost of adding them to the COWAL directly.
    Collection<? extends E> elementsCollection =
        (elements instanceof Collection)
            ? (Collection<? extends E>) elements
            : newArrayList(elements);

   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code value} is negative or greater than 255
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  public static byte checkedCast(long value) {
    checkArgument(value >> Byte.SIZE == 0, "out of range: %s", value);
    return (byte) value;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the {@code byte} value that, when treated as unsigned, is nearest in value to {@code
   * value}.
   *
   * @param value any {@code long} value

   *
   * <p><b>Java 8+ users:</b> In most cases, the {@code Stream} equivalent of this method is {@code
   * stream.filter(element::equals).count()}. If {@code element} might be null, use {@code
   * stream.filter(Predicate.isEqual(element)).count()} instead.
   *
   * @see java.util.Collections#frequency(Collection, Object) Collections.frequency(Collection,
   *     Object)
   */

    a >>= aTwos; // divide out all 2s
    int bTwos = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(b);
    b >>= bTwos; // divide out all 2s
    while (a != b) { // both a, b are odd
      // The key to the binary GCD algorithm is as follows:
      // Both a and b are odd. Assume a > b; then gcd(a - b, b) = gcd(a, b).
      // But in gcd(a - b, b), a - b is even and b is odd, so we can divide out powers of two.

    this.values = values;
  }

  @Override
  @CheckForNull
  public V get(K key) {
    int index =
        SortedLists.binarySearch(
            ranges,
            Range::lowerBound,
            Cut.belowValue(key),
            KeyPresentBehavior.ANY_PRESENT,
            KeyAbsentBehavior.NEXT_LOWER);
    if (index == -1) {
      return null;
    } else {
      Range<K> range = ranges.get(index);

     * sizing; if the Set uses different equality semantics, it might contain duplicates according
     * to equals(), and we will deduplicate those properly, albeit at some cost in allocations.
     */
    int expectedSize =
        elements instanceof Set ? array.length : estimatedSizeForUnknownDuplication(array.length);
    return fromArrayWithExpectedSize(array, expectedSize);
  }

    }

    @Override
    public int remove(@CheckForNull Object key, int occurrences) {
      checkNonnegative(occurrences, "occurrences");
      if (occurrences == 0) {
        return count(key);
      }
      Collection<V> collection = unfiltered.asMap().get(key);
      if (collection == null) {
        return 0;
      }
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // key is equal to a K, if not a K itself

        /*
         * It's very unlikely that any loaded Futures class will see getChecked called with more
         * than a handful of exceptions. But it seems prudent to set a cap on how many we'll cache.
         * This avoids out-of-control memory consumption, and it keeps the cache from growing so
         * large that doing the lookup is noticeably slower than redoing the work would be.
         *

   * 0x12131415}.
   *
   * <p>Arguably, it's preferable to use {@link java.nio.ByteBuffer}; that library exposes much more
   * flexibility at little cost in readability.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytes} has fewer than 4 elements
   */
  public static int fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {