```

!!! tip
    Peewee creates several magic attributes.

    It will automatically add an `id` attribute as an integer to be the primary key.

    It will chose the name of the tables based on the class names.

    For the `Item`, it will create an attribute `owner_id` with the integer ID of the `User`. But we don't declare it anywhere.

## Create the Pydantic models

### Other utility functions

Any other utility function that you call directly can be created with normal `def` or `async def` and FastAPI won't affect the way you call it.

subrouter = APIRouter()


@subrouter.post("/invoices/", callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes)
def create_invoice(invoice: Invoice, callback_url: Optional[HttpUrl] = None):
    """
    Create an invoice.

    This will (let's imagine) let the API user (some external developer) create an
    invoice.

    And this path operation will:

    * Send the invoice to the client.

## Use `SecurityScopes`

Now update the dependency `get_current_user`.

This is the one used by the dependencies above.

Here's were we are using the same OAuth2 scheme we created before, declaring it as a dependency: `oauth2_scheme`.

        "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
        "paths": {
            "/authors/{author_id}/items/": {
                "post": {
                    "summary": "Create Author Items",
                    "operationId": "create_author_items_authors__author_id__items__post",
                    "parameters": [
                        {
                            "required": True,

from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()

reusable_oauth2 = OAuth2(
    flows={
        "password": {
            "tokenUrl": "token",
            "scopes": {"read:users": "Read the users", "write:users": "Create users"},
        }
    },
    description="OAuth2 security scheme",
    auto_error=False,
)


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str

Let's say you want it to return indented and formatted JSON, so you want to use the orjson option `orjson.OPT_INDENT_2`.

You could create a `CustomORJSONResponse`. The main thing you have to do is create a `Response.render(content)` method that returns the content as `bytes`:

```Python hl_lines="9-14  17"
{!../../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial009c.py!}
```

Now instead of returning:

    assert verify_password("secret", fake_users_db["johndoe"]["hashed_password"])


def test_get_password_hash():
    assert get_password_hash("secretalice")


def test_create_access_token():
    access_token = create_access_token(data={"data": "foo"})
    assert access_token


def test_token_no_sub():
    response = client.get(
        "/users/me",
        headers={

## Installation

<div class="termy">

```console
$ pip install fastapi

---> 100%
```

</div>

## Example

### Create it

* Create a file `main.py` with:

```Python
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}

    author_link: https://jarmos.netlify.app/
    author: Somraj Saha
  - author: "@pystar"
    author_link: https://pystar.substack.com/
    link: https://pystar.substack.com/p/how-to-create-a-fake-certificate
    title: How to Create A Fake Certificate Authority And Generate TLS Certs for FastAPI
  - author: Ben Gamble
    author_link: https://uk.linkedin.com/in/bengamble7