isArrayKind = reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array
			)

			if !update || reflectValue.Len() == 0 {
				update = false
				if isArrayKind {
					db.Statement.ReflectValue.Set(reflect.Zero(reflectValue.Type()))
				} else {
					// if the slice cap is externally initialized, the externally initialized slice is directly used here
					if reflectValue.Cap() == 0 {

		t.Errorf("user's primary key should has value after create, got : %v", user.ID)
	}

	if user.CreatedAt.IsZero() {
		t.Errorf("user's created at should be not zero")
	}

	if user.UpdatedAt.IsZero() {
		t.Errorf("user's updated at should be not zero")
	}

	var newUser User
	if err := DB.Where("id = ?", user.ID).First(&newUser).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when query: %v", err)
	} else {

					for i := 0; i < rValLen; i++ {
						obj := db.Statement.ReflectValue.Index(i)
						if reflect.Indirect(obj).Kind() != reflect.Struct {
							break
						}
						if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj); !zero { // check belongs to relation value
							rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj) // relation reflect value
							if !isPtr {
								rv = rv.Addr()
							}

	"regexp"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
)

// This regular expression seeks to find a sequence of digits (\d+) among zero or more non-digit characters (\D*),
// with a possible trailing non-digit character (\D?).

// For example, values that can pass this regular expression are:
// - "123"
// - "abc456"
// -"%$#@789"

		if result.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField == nil {
			tx.AddError(ErrPrimaryKeyRequired)
			break
		}

		primaryValue, zero := result.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, resultsValue.Index(resultsValue.Len()-1))
		if zero {
			tx.AddError(ErrPrimaryKeyRequired)
			break
		}

	}

	if err := DB.Create(&users).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
	} else if user.ID == 0 {
		t.Fatalf("user's primary value should not zero, %v", user.ID)
	} else if user.UpdatedAt.IsZero() {
		t.Fatalf("user's updated at should not zero, %v", user.UpdatedAt)
	}
	lastUpdatedAt = user.UpdatedAt

	if err := DB.Model(user).Update("Age", 10).Error; err != nil {
		t.Errorf("errors happened when update: %v", err)

				destValue := reflect.ValueOf(stmt.Dest)
				for destValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
					destValue = destValue.Elem()
				}

				changedValue, zero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, destValue)
				if v {
					return !utils.AssertEqual(changedValue, fieldValue)
				}
				return !zero && !utils.AssertEqual(changedValue, fieldValue)
			}
		}
		return false
	}

	if len(fields) == 0 {

				if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, data); !zero {
					fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, data))
					primaryValues := make([]interface{}, len(rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields))

					switch fieldValue.Kind() {
					case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
						validFieldValues := reflect.Zero(rel.Field.IndirectFieldType)

						v = v.Elem()
					} else {
						return nil, true
					}
				}
			}

			fv, zero := v.Interface(), v.IsZero()
			return fv, zero
		}
	}

	if field.Serializer != nil {
		oldValuerOf := field.ValueOf
		field.ValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
			value, zero := oldValuerOf(ctx, v)

			s, ok := value.(SerializerValuerInterface)
			if !ok {